Intracellular Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphoproteome of the oral commensal Streptococcus gordonii DL1
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Intracellular Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphoproteome of the oral commensal Streptococcus gordonii DL1 Carolina Robertsson1* , Gunnel Svensäter1, Zoltan Blum2 and Claes Wickström1
Abstract Background: To respond and adapt to environmental challenges, prokaryotes regulate cellular processes rapidly and reversibly through protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. This study investigates the intracellular proteome and Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphoproteome of the oral commensal Streptococcus gordonii. Intracellular proteins from planktonic cells of S. gordonii DL1 were extracted and subjected to 2D-gel electrophoresis. Proteins in general were visualized using Coomassie Brilliant Blue and T-Rex staining. Phosphorylated proteins were visualized with ProQ Diamond Phosphoprotein Gel Stain. Proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS and sequence analysis. Results: In total, sixty-one intracellular proteins were identified in S. gordonii DL1, many of which occurred at multiple isoelectric points. Nineteen of these proteins were present as one or more Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphorylated form. The identified phosphoproteins turned out to be involved in a variety of cellular processes. Conclusion: Nineteen phosphoproteins involved in various cellular functions were identified in S. gordonii. This is the first time the global intracellular Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphorylation profile has been analysed in an oral streptococcus. Comparison with phosphoproteomes of other species from previous studies showed many similarities. Proteins that are consistently found in a phosphorylated state across several species and growth conditions may represent a core phosphoproteome profile shared by many bacteria. Keywords: 2DE, Oral bacteria, Phosphoproteome, Pro-Q diamond, Streptococci, Streptococcus gordonii
Background Streptococcus gordonii is a pioneer oral colonizer, involved in the establishment of oral biofilms [1]. Due to the numerous different adhesins expressed on its surface, S. gordonii cells readily attach to and colonize dental surfaces [2]. Moreover, S. gordonii can passively migrate from small oral lesions through the blood stream and cause infective endocarditis by opportunistic infection of the heart valves [3]. This mainly saccharolytic species is considered a commensal with ubiquitous habitation in humans, and given the acid production and * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
acid tolerance of S. gordonii, it prevails at the acidic conditions that periodically occur in oral biofilms [4–6]. When carbohydrate concentrations are low, S. gordonii like other oral streptococci utilizes a carbohydrate phosphotransferase transport system (PTS) with high glucose affinity [7]. Upon spikes in carbohydrate concentration, oral streptococci are at risk for “sugar killing” from damaging effects caused by accumulated glycolytic intermediates [8]. To evade such infli
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