Application of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography for Carotenoid Analysis in Red Mamey ( Pouteria sapot
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Application of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography for Carotenoid Analysis in Red Mamey (Pouteria sapote) Fruit Francesco Cacciola 1 & Daniele Giuffrida 1 & Margita Utczas 2 & Domenica Mangraviti 3 & Paola Dugo 2,3,4 & Dania Menchaca 5 & Enrique Murillo 5 & Luigi Mondello 2,3,4
Received: 12 November 2015 / Accepted: 18 January 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
Abstract One-dimensional liquid chromatography is widely applied to the analytical separation of various phytochemicals, including carotenoids; however, sometimes it does not provide sufficient resolution power for the analyte separation in very complex real-world samples. Multidimensional chromatography is a technique that may provide the required analytical separation power to tackle such a task. The aim of this work was to apply comprehensive multidimensional two-dimensional liquid chromatography, coupled to photodiode array and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry detection, to the free carotenoid separation in red mamey (Pouteria sapote) fruit for the first time, using ultra high pressure liquid chromatography conditions in the second dimension separation. A comparison between one- and two-dimensional separation of the same matrix is shown, and a total of 23 different carotenoids belonging to 17 different carotenoid chemical classes were separated in the double orthogonal separation and identification system; moreover, a
* Luigi Mondello [email protected]
1
Dipartimento di BScienze biomediche, odontoiatriche e delle immagini morfologiche e funzionali^, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
2
Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
3
Dipartimento di BScienze chimiche, biologiche, farmaceutiche ed ambientali^, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
4
Università Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy
5
Departamento de Bioquimica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Exactas y Tecnologia, Universidad de Panama, Panama, Panama
hypothesis for the possible detection of a new carotenoid is also reported for the first time. Keywords Carotenoids . Red mamey fruit . Multidimensional chromatography . LC×UHPLC-PDA-APCI/MS
Introduction Among bioactive molecules, carotenoids are an important kind of natural pigments that can be widely found in plants and plant-derived food and products, with health-promoting properties (Britton 2008; Britton et al. 2009). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) represents the method of choice for carotenoid analysis; in particular, reversed phase LC (RP-LC) with both C18 and C30 stationary phases has been extensively employed to achieve the separation of molecules differing in hydrophobicity within a given structural class (Dugo et al. 2008a, b; Herrero et al. 2008). On the other hand, normal phase LC (NP-LC) on silica-based columns is largely employed for carotenoid class separation, acco
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