Application of Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 images data for water quality mapping in Mosul Dam Lake, Northern Iraq
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Application of Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 images data for water quality mapping in Mosul Dam Lake, Northern Iraq Mohammed F. O. Khattab & Broder J. Merkel
Received: 13 February 2013 / Accepted: 30 June 2013 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2013
Abstract Mosul Dam Lake is the main reservoir in Iraq, supporting the water demand of Mosul, Baghdad, and other cities. The aim of this study is to derive simple and accurate algorithms for the retrieval of water quality parameters for Mosul Dam Lake from Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 reflectance data. The water quality measurements were performed in situ during March and July 2011. These measurements included temperature, turbidity, Secchi disk, chlorophyll-a, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, total inorganic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, total dissolved solids, and pH. In order to properly use the values of reflectance bands, images enhancement techniques have been used. The field measurements were compared with reflectance values of Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 bands using different band combination of empirical algorithms. Generally, the results of analysis showed significant correlation between these models and water quality parameters with R2 >0.7 and p0.9 and p0.9, and values of the root mean square error ranged from 0.9 to 0.001. ArcGIS 10 was used to simulate the distribution values of water quality parameters calculated from spectral values of TM5 and ETM+ bands. The results of spatial analysis demonstrate that it is possible to use the TM5 and ETM+ images to evaluate the water quality for Mosul Dam Lake. M. F. O. Khattab (*) : B. J. Merkel Hydrogeology Department, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany e-mail: [email protected] B. J. Merkel e-mail: [email protected] M. F. O. Khattab Remote Sensing Center, Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq
Keywords Water quality . ETM+ . TM5 . Mosul Lake . Mapping Nomenclature ATCOR Atmospheric/topographic correction Chl-a Cholorophyll-a DOC Dissolved organic carbon EC Electric conductivity LUT Image Enhancement via Lookup Table NDWI Normalized difference water index NIR Near infrared NO2 Nitrite NO3 Nitrate p Significance pH Potential of hydrogen PO4 Phosphate 2 R Coefficient of determination RMSE Root mean of squared error SEE Standard error of the estimate SLC Scan line corrector SWIR Shortwave infrared TDS Total dissolved solids TIC Total inorganic carbon TM5 Thematic Mapper sensor ETM+ Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus ρ Band reflectance
Introduction Generally, water quality is explained in terms of physical, chemical, and biological parameters. As a result of rapid urban population growth and increasing industrial, agricultural, and urbanization activities as well as global climate changes, lakes and reservoirs are facing many challenges, the most important being the increase of nutrients and sediment concentration (Kondratyev et al. 1998; He et al. 2008).
Arab J Geosci
Therefore, the monitoring of water quality is a very necessary task for each country to supply water quality data to government and the rele
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