Application of Molecular Interaction Volume Model for Phase Equilibrium of Sn-Based Binary System in Vacuum Distillation
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TRODUCTION
A large number of Sn-based alloys such as Sn-Sb, Sb-Bi, Sn-Zn, Sn-Cu, and Sn-Ag are produced from tin smelteries around the world every year due to the fact that tin ores usually contain Sb, Bi, Zn, Cu, and Ag. In addition, large numbers of waste Sn-based alloys are recycled from various industries due to the fact that tin is usually used to produce alloys with Pb, Sb, Cu, Ag, Zn, and Bi. If these alloys are not properly disposed of, the environment becomes seriously polluted and the resources are wasted. Therefore, the recycling of waste Sn-based alloys is an important subject, not only for the protection of the environment but also for the recovery of valuable materials. The conventional methods used widely in the past for recycling of waste Sn-based alloys such as the chlorination, crystallization, and electrolysis are not consummate because of the low metal recovery, long flow sheet, evident environment pollution, etc.[1] Therefore, an effort must be made to find more advanced technology that does not have a negative impact on the environment for recycling of waste Sn-based alloys. Vacuum metallurgy is a clean technology for secondary metal production and has many advantages, such as high metal recovery, short flow sheet, and good environmental protection; it can also eliminate the disadvantages of traditional metallurgical processes. Moreover, it can produce new products to
LINGXIN KONG, Ph.D. Candidate, BIN YANG, Professor, BAOQIANG XU, Associate Professor, and YIFU LI, Lecturer, are with the The National Engineering Laboratory for Vacuum Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, P.R. China, and State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clear Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, and also with the Key Laboratory for Nonferrous Vacuum Metallurgy of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650093, P.R. China. Contact e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript submitted July 22, 2013. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
meet the needs of the development of high technology.[2] In the past, vacuum metallurgy was studied and used in the refining and recycling of various nonferrous crude metals and alloys by Dai and He,[3] Qiu and coworkers,[4–6] and Ali et al.,[7] and the area of its application is being extended rapidly. The thermodynamic properties of alloys play an important role in predicting the distribution of components of alloys and estimating the separation degree and the product composition quantitatively in vacuum distillation. Theoretical predicting is a significant and effective approach to obtaining the thermodynamic properties of alloys, because experimental thermodynamic study is very time-consuming.[8] Furthermore, experimental determination of the thermodynamic properties of alloys not only requires the use of advanced instruments and the consummate skill of a researcher but also continuous financial support.[9] Yang et al.[2,8] calculated the separation coefficients and phase equilibria of Pb-Au and Pb-Sn alloys in vacuum distillation, which
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