Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and K-Humate Combined as Biostimulants: Changes in Antioxidant Defense System and Radical S
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and K-Humate Combined as Biostimulants: Changes in Antioxidant Defense System and Radical Scavenging Capacity in Elaeagnus angustifolia Hülya Torun 1
&
Bülent Toprak 2
Received: 3 May 2020 / Accepted: 20 July 2020 # Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo 2020
Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and potassium humate (KH) are separately known as significant biostimulants, but their combined effect on plants remains elusive. This study investigated the single and combined roles of AMF and KH on the antioxidant defense system in Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) leaves. Soil below the seeds was inoculated with indigenous AMF spores (Funneliformis, Claroideoglomus; 500 spores per seed). The KH (1.5 g/ per 1 kg of seed) was applied during sowing. Growth, leaf-water ratio, chlorophyll fluorescence, lipid peroxidation, H2O2 content, antioxidant enzymes, and antioxidant capacity were analyzed in treated and untreated plants. Combined AMF and KH applications had a greater recovery effect on vegetative organ growth than separate treatments. With combined treatment, plants maintained leaf water status and chlorophyll fluorescence, while peroxidation of lipid membranes and H2O2 content was reduced. Moreover, increases in superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase activity prevented cellular damage from reactive oxygen species. Total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity values were remarkably higher in plants grown under the combined treatment. As a result, compared with their separate applications, a combination of AMF and KH enhanced the antioxidant defense system by increasing antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant capacity and, thus, could be used to enhance plant growth. Keywords AMF . Antioxidant enzymes . Humic substances . Phenolics . Reactive oxygen species . Russian olive
1 Introduction There is an ongoing worldwide search for new ways to promote sustainable agriculture by improving plant nutrition efficiency. In addition to improving plant yield, growth, and development, it is also important to reduce agrochemical usage. In recent studies, biostimulants have been used to enhance plant growth and to increase tolerance of unfavorable soil and environmental conditions as well as to improve the efficiency of resource utilization (Colla and Rouphael 2015). The European Biostimulant Industry Council (EBIC) describes plant biostimulants as substances and/or microorganisms
* Hülya Torun [email protected] 1
Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Science, Düzce University, 81620 Duzce, Turkey
2
Faculty of Forestry, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi University, 35620 Izmir, Turkey
whose function when applied to plants or the rhizosphere is to stimulate natural processes that enhance or benefit nutrient uptake, nutrient efficiency, tolerance to abiotic stress, and crop quality (du Jardin 2015). In recent years, there has been increased research interest in the application of biostimulants to many agricultural processes throughout the life cycle of plants, from seed
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