Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mediated salt tolerance by regulating antioxidant enzyme system, photosynthetic pathways an
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mediated salt tolerance by regulating antioxidant enzyme system, photosynthetic pathways and ionic equilibrium in pea (Pisum sativum L.) Manoj Parihar1,4 · Amitava Rakshit1 · Kiran Rana2 · Gopal Tiwari3 · Surendra Singh Jatav1 Received: 20 April 2020 / Accepted: 10 August 2020 © Akadémiai Kiadó Zrt. 2020
Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play an important role in improving the plant tolerance to salt stress. In the present study, we investigated the influence of AM fungi inoculation on various physiological, biochemical and nutritional aspects of pea grown under salt stress. The AM fungi inoculation successfully reduced the negative effects of salinity by improving the antioxidant enzyme system, a greater accumulation of compatible organic solutes, a higher content of photosynthetic pigment and a balanced uptake of nutrients, which resulted in higher growth and yield. Seed yield was found to be significantly higher by ~ 24, 40 and 54% in T 2 (Rhizoglomus intraradices), T3 (Funneliformis mosseae and R. intraradices) and T4 (Rhizoglomus fasciculatum and Gigaspora sp.), respectively, as compared to nonmycorrhizal plants. Overall, a mixed application of R fasciculatum and Gigaspora sp. was superior to other mycorrhizal treatments, which can be attributed to specific compatibility relationships or functional complementarity that exists between symbionts. Keywords AM fungi · Antioxidant enzymes · Carotenoids · Glycine betaine · Salt stress · Soluble sugar
Introduction Plants experience various environmental biotic and abiotic stresses which ultimately affects their growth, metabolism and production potential. Among various abiotic stresses, soil salinity is very significant and crucial for plant development (Koca et al. 2007). According to an estimate, ~ 7% of the world’s agricultural land area is influenced by soil Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s42977-020-00037-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Manoj Parihar [email protected] 1
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Agricultural Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP 221005, India
2
Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP 221005, India
3
ICAR-NBSS&LUP, Nagpur 440033, India
4
Present Address: Crop Production Division, ICAR-Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Almora, India
salinity problem (Ruiz-Lozano et al. 2012). Soil salinity causes ionic and osmotic imbalance which affects various plant physiological and biochemical activities via influencing plant enzyme activity, nutrient and water uptake, photosynthesis and protein synthesis (Iqbal et al. 2015; Elhindi et al. 2017). Under stress, plant produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to disruption of cellular homoeostasis, which further causes oxidative damage by protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, damage to nucleic ac
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