Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mitigate Fe deficiency symptoms in sorghum through phytosiderophore-mediated Fe mobilizatio
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mitigate Fe deficiency symptoms in sorghum through phytosiderophore-mediated Fe mobilization and restoration of redox status Sadia Akter Prity 1 & Salek Ahmed Sajib 2 & Urmi Das 1 & Md Mostafizur Rahman 1 & Syed Ali Haider 1 & Ahmad Humayan Kabir 1 Received: 28 December 2019 / Accepted: 5 May 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Sustainable management of iron (Fe) deficiency through the microbial association is highly desirable to ensure crop yield. This study elucidates whether and how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) ameliorate Fe deficiency symptoms in sorghum. AMF inoculation showed a significant improvement in plant biomass, chlorophyll score, Fv/Fm (quantum efficiency of photosystem II), and Pi_ABS (photosynthesis performance index), suggesting its potentiality to diminish Fe deficiency symptoms in sorghum. This AMF-driven prevention of Fe deficiency was further supported by the improvement of biochemical stress indicators, such as cell death, electrolyte leakage, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anion. In this study, AMF showed a significant increase in phytosiderophore (PS) release as well as Fe and S concentrations in sorghum under Fe deficiency. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated the consistent upregulation of SbDMAS2 (deoxymugineic acid synthase 2), SbNAS2 (nicotianamine synthase 2), and SbYS1 (Fe-phytosiderophore transporter yellow stripe) in roots due to AMF with Fe deficiency. It suggests that the enhancement of Fe due to AMF is related to the mobilization of Fe(III)-PS in the rhizosphere supported by the long-distance transport of Fe by SbYS1 transporter in sorghum. Our study further showed that the elevation of S mainly in the presence of AMF possibly enhances the S-containing antioxidant metabolites (Met, Cys, and GSH) as well as enzymes (CAT, SOD, and GR) to counteract H2O2 and O2− for the restoration of redox status in Fe-deprived sorghum. Moreover, S possibly participates in Strategy II responses revealing its crucial role as a signaling molecule for Fe homeostasis in sorghum. Keywords Fe deficiency . Strategy II plants . Fe mobilization . Mycorrhizal symbiosis
Introduction Iron (Fe) deficiency in soil is a common problem in many parts of the world, affecting plant growth and yield. Soil chemistry is closely associated with the availability of Fe for plants. It includes the presence of bicarbonate, leading
Handling Editor: Peter Nick Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-020-01517-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ahmad Humayan Kabir [email protected] 1
Molecular Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
2
Invent Technologies Limited, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
to high pH, the abundance of ferric Fe3+, and geological reason of Fe unavailability in soil (Alcántara et al. 2000). Fe deficiency is the basis of leaf chlorosis, poor
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