Argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions in oral mucosa cells of crack and cocaine users: a cross-sectional study
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions in oral mucosa cells of crack and cocaine users: a cross-sectional study Rosângela Góes Rabelo 1 & Arthur Pias Salgueiro 2 & Fernanda Visioli 2 & Viviane Palmeira da Silva 1 & Maria das Graças Alonso Oliveira 1 & Daniel Araki Ribeiro 3 & Patricia Ramos Cury 1 & Jean Nunes dos Santos 4 Received: 22 March 2020 / Accepted: 25 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze and compare the presence of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) in exfoliated cells obtained from the buccal mucosa among crack and cocaine users and non-users by the AgNOR staining technique. Seventy-three males ≥ 18 years were categorized into two groups: 38 crack and/or cocaine users and 35 non-user volunteers. They were interviewed and responded a questionnaire regarding general health and drug addiction. Exfoliative cytology specimens were collected from the clinically intact buccal mucosa, and cytological preparations were fixed and stained by AgNOR technique. The mean number of AgNORs (p = 0.02) and the percentage of epithelial cells with more than 3 (p = 0.01) and 4 (p = 0.04) AgNORs/nucleus were significantly higher in the non-user group. In conclusion, the frequency and diversity of substances present in the drugs—cocaine, crack, and alcohol—consumed by the volunteers of this study may have influenced the number of AgNORs and the response to damage and consequent effect on protein synthesis. Keywords Oral mucosa . Cocaine . Crack . Cell proliferation . Cytology . AgNOR
Introduction Illicit drug use is a serious public health problem worldwide because of the psychosomatic damage, social exclusion, and high rates of morbidity and mortality (Seleghim and Galera 2019). The damage caused by illicit drugs includes systemic Patricia Ramos Cury and Jean Nunes dos Santos contributed equally to this work. Responsible editor: Lotfi Aleya * Jean Nunes dos Santos [email protected] 1
Dentistry and Health Postgraduation Program, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho, 62-Canela, Salvador, Bahia 40110-150, Brazil
2
Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2492-Santa Cecília, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90035-003, Brazil
3
Department of Biosciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Silva Jardim, 136-Vila Matias, Santos, São Paulo 11015-020, Brazil
4
Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Araújo Pinho, 62- Canela, Salvador, Bahia 40110-150, Brazil
and cognitive alterations, as well as inflammatory conditions (Narvaez et al. 2013; Yujra et al. 2016) and early signs of malignant transformation in the epithelium of the oral cavity (Albini et al. 2017). Additionally, cocaine and crack, in their different forms of use, induce chromosomal breakage and alter the proliferation and death of oral mucosa cells, increasing the risk of developing oral c
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