Arsenic Hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. and Its Arsenic Accumulation
Since its identification as an arsenic (As) hyperaccumulator, the As accumulating and biological characteristics of Pteris vittata L. have received extensive investigation. It well satisfies the requirements of an As hyperaccumulator, with the aboveground
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Arsenic Hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. and Its Arsenic Accumulation
Abstract Since its identification as an arsenic (As) hyperaccumulator, the As accumulating and biological characteristics of Pteris vittata L. have received extensive investigation. It well satisfies the requirements of an As hyperaccumulator, with the aboveground As concentration higher than 1000 mg kg−1 , higher As concentration in shoots than roots, and well growth on heavily As contaminated soil. Furthermore, it has wide distribution in the world, big biomass, extensive root system; and it is able to be harvested more than twice every year. These characteristics make it appropriate plant material for phytoextraction of As from soil. Besides, studies have been conducted on selecting ecotypes able to simultaneously extract multi-metal(loid)s or to be applied to the sustainable management of slightly contaminated soil. Keywords Arsenic hyperaccumulator · Ecotype · Fern · Pteris vittata · Spore
1.1 Arsenic Hyperaccumulating Characteristics of Pteris vittata Phytoremediation, using specific plants to clean up the environment, is a technology that become known to academia in 1990s (Cunningham and Berti 1993; Salt et al. 1998). Phytoremediation, in the broad sense, includes three categories: (1) phytoextraction, using hyperaccumulator, that can accumulate a large amount of toxic contaminants in the aboveground parts, to remove them from soil; (2) phytostabilization, using plants to decrease the bio-availability of contaminants in soil; (3) rhizofiltration, using plants to remove contaminants from water (Salt et al. 1995). Phytoremediation, in the narrow sense, mainly refers to phytoextraction, which is also the main subject of this book. The main targets of phytoextraction are inorganic contaminants, such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn). Before the discovery of As hyperaccumulating ability of P. vittata, there was no reported arsenic (As) hyperaccumulator. Most know hyperaccumulators were Ni hyperaccumulators. In 2000 and 2001, scientists from China and the US reported the As hyperaccumulation ability of this fern (Chen and Wei 2000; Ma et al. 2001). Through extensive field survey, lab analysis, and greenhouse experiment, it has been © The Author(s) 2020 T. Chen et al., Phytoremediation of Arsenic Contaminated Sites in China, SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7820-5_1
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1 Arsenic Hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. and Its Arsenic
Fig. 1.1 As concentrations in soils and P. vittata in the field
confirmed that P. vittata is an As hyperaccumulator. It satisfies the criteria of hyperaccumulator: concentrations of As in the aboveground parts higher than 1000 mg kg−1 , translocation ratio of As from roots to shoots higher than 1, and no toxics symptoms exposing to high concentrations of As (Chen and Wei 2000). Field survey indicated that P. vittata can normally grow on soil with an As concentration higher than 2% (w:w). The highest As concentration in the leaves (fronds) of P.
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