Arsenite Oxidation by Dunaliella salina is Affected by External Phosphate Concentration
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Arsenite Oxidation by Dunaliella salina is Affected by External Phosphate Concentration Ya Wang1,2,3 · Chunhua Zhang4 · Xiangyang Yu2,3 · Ying Ge1 Received: 18 June 2020 / Accepted: 9 November 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Arsenic (As) contamination in terrestrial and aquatic environments is a well-known global environmental problem. The biooxidation of arsenite [As(III)] and subsequent arsenate [As(V)] removal have increasingly been used for remediation of As-polluted groundwater. However, little is known about As(III) oxidation by microalgae, especially those from saltwater environments. In this study, we investigated As(III) toxicity and oxidation in the marine microalga Dunaliella salina in the presence of different phosphate concentrations. The results of the As(III) toxicity experiments showed that D. salina was tolerant to As(III) (5.4 ± 0.31 mg As L−1 at 72 h of culture). The As(V) percentage in the P-enriched (11.2 mg L−1) medium was 7.2-fold greater than in the P-deficient one after 24-h exposure, indicating As(III) oxidation by D. salina was more pronounced with increased phosphate levels. Treatment of As(III) with and without 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) on the algal cells showed that As(III) oxidation occurred mainly on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm of D. salina. The results of this study suggest that transformation of As(III) into As(V) may be an important pathway of detoxification in D. salina and that phosphate plays a key role in this oxidation process. Keywords Arsenite oxidation · Dunaliella salina · Phosphate · 2,4-dinitrophenol Arsenic (As) is a toxic metalloid that is widely distributed in the environment and organisms (Chakraborty et al. 2012; Shi et al. 2019; Wang et al. 2014). Groundwater contamination by As has been acknowledged as a global environmental problem for over 20 years (Li et al. 2017; Rodríguez-Lado Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-03045-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ying Ge [email protected] 1
Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
2
Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety—State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
3
Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
4
Demonstration Laboratory of Element and Life Science Research, Laboratory Centre of Life Science, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
et al. 2013). Numerous studies have shown that As concentrations in groundwater can reach 2 mg L −1 (Smedley and Kinniburgh 2002). Unfortunately, As-contaminated groundwater is not only used for crop irrigation but also as drinking water in many parts of the world (Garnier et al. 2010; Rodríguez-Lado e
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