Aspects of technology transfer
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Aspects of Technology Transfer
DEREK J. FRAY
Bibliometric studies have shown that the number of articles and citations of these articles in extractive metallurgy is relatively small compared to most other scientific and engineering disciplines. However, many of these other disciplines can have a significant influence on extractive metallurgy, and this article gives examples drawn from such diverse areas as solid-state chemistry, materials for energy storage, solid-state physics, molten salt chemistry, and physical metallurgy. By use of this information, it is demonstrated that significant improvements in the extraction of metals are possible.
I. INTRODUCTION
EXTRACTIVE metallurgy has been known for many centuries and enormous progress has been made in the reduction of metal oxides and sulfides. In fact, every element can be reduced from its ores, although some routes are perhaps more complicated than one would wish. In the past 3 or 4 decades, methods of extraction have been transformed from the inefficient, polluting, and energy consuming processes The Extraction and Processing Lecturer Award honors an outstanding scientific leader in the field of nonferrous extractive metallurgy with an invitation to present a comprehensive lecture at the TMS Annual Meeting. Derek J. Fray is a Professor of Materials Chemistry in the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge. He earned his B.S. in metallurgy in 1961 and his Ph.D. in extractive metallurgy in 1965, both from Imperial College, London University. Dr. Fray has held teaching positions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of Cambridge, and the University of Leeds, where he served as department head. Dr. Fray is the recipient of several honors and awards. He is a fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, as well as several other universities and organizations. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
to modern clean processes with scrap and waste materials being readily recycled to useful materials and products. This has been brought about by considerable investment in research, innovation, and development coupled with a concerted effort by academics, technologists in industrial and government laboratories, and industrial engineers. From an academic point of view, progress in our understanding of processes neatly falls into three periods. In the 1940s to 1960s, there was a considerable advance in the knowledge of the thermodynamics of metallurgical processes by Chipman,[1] Elliott,[2] and Richardson,[3] which was subsequently followed by many studies of heat and mass transfer to comprehend the kinetics of the processes by Richardson and Elliott. More recently, all this fundamental work has led to the development of models by Brimacombe,[4,5] Szekely,[6,7] and Evans[8] for many metallurgical processes and the models incorporated into control systems—everything a dynamic and forward looking industry should do. The interesting question is what will be the contribution of the next 20 years, but before this questio
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