Assessment of Essential and Potentially Toxic Elements and Possible Health Risks in Hylocereus undatus and Punica granat
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Assessment of Essential and Potentially Toxic Elements and Possible Health Risks in Hylocereus undatus and Punica granatum M. Rahman 1,2 & M. A. Islam 1,2
&
M. M. Zaved 2
Received: 5 January 2020 / Accepted: 30 January 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study evaluates essential and toxic element contents in dragon (Hylocereus undatus (Haworth) Britton and Rose) and pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) and possible health risks through the consumption of these fruits. Total concentrations of 15 chemical elements (Al, Br, Ca, Cd, Cl, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) techniques. This study indicates that these fruits are a vital source of essential elements for human health. It is observed that Pb concentrations were higher in both fruits whereas Cd concentrations were slightly higher than WHO/FAO tolerable levels only in pomegranate. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of the chemical elements was within the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI) values. Furthermore, target hazard quotient (THQ) values were also within the safe level (THQ < 1). However, the calculated target carcinogenic risk (TCR) values of Cd for pomegranate and Cr for dragon fruit were higher than the maximum limit (1.0 × 10−4) for children. Finally, this study will create public awareness about micronutrient contents as well as metal contaminations of the studied fruits. Keywords Essential elements . Toxic elements . Fruits . Dietary intake . Health risks . Instrumental neutron activation analysis . Atomic absorption spectrometry
Introduction Fruits are one of the major sources of micronutrients that keep the body fit and strong. But nowadays, fruits may be contaminated by many ways like environmental pollution, water pollution, industrial effluents, and excess uses of agricultural pesticides [1–3]. The total productions of fruits are growing up due to high consumption and high profit worldwide. Recently, there are a number of researchers working in the field of food safety and health issues [4]. Some elements act against the diseases in the body at a certain concentration level and give support to carry out of biochemical functions in all living Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02072-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * M. A. Islam [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
2
Department of Nuclear Science & Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Mirpur, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
organisms. However, several researchers have informed that essential elements may cause many types of diseases in the body, when these elements are consumed at high concentrations [5, 6]. On the other hand, some elements (toxic) have toxic effects even
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