Ecological-health risk assessment and bioavailability of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soil and plant around a co
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Ecological-health risk assessment and bioavailability of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soil and plant around a copper smelter Mohammad Javad Nematollahi & Behnam Keshavarzi & Fatemeh Zaremoaiedi & Mohammad Ali Rajabzadeh & Farid Moore
Received: 19 May 2020 / Accepted: 31 August 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Soil and the dominant plant species in the vicinity of Khatoon Abad copper smelter in Kerman province of Iran are examined to determine contamination, bioavailability, and ecological-health risk of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) based on 23 collected soil samples and 13 Artemisia siebri plant species. Cu, Mo, As, and Sb display a significant level of enrichment in soil. Ecological risk assessment shows that Cu, As, and Cd pose the highest ecological risk. The results of PTEs fractionation reveal that, on average, Cu, As, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Mo are mostly distributed between non-residual fractions reflecting higher mobility and potential ecological risk, while Cr, Ni, and Co are significantly distributed within the residual fraction, and do not pose a serious ecological risk. Mobility factor suggests high bioavailability of Cu for plants followed by As, Cd, Pb, Mo, Co, Ni, and Cr. Biological accumulation coefficient displays higher phytoavailability of Mo and Cd. PTEs transfer within plant follows the order of Mo > As > Pb > Zn > Cu > Ni > Co > Cr > Cd. The results of phytoavailability indicate the high tendency of Cd to bioaccumulate in Artemisia’s root, while Mo, As, and Pb tend to translocate towards Artemisia’s shoot. Calculated hazard index and incremental lifetime cancer risk revealed that As poses the highest noncarcinogenic health risk, and As and Pb pose the greatest carcinogenic health risk in both adults and children. M. J. Nematollahi : B. Keshavarzi (*) : F. Zaremoaiedi : M. A. Rajabzadeh : F. Moore Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords Contamination . Phytoavailability . Bioaccumulation . Mobility . Sequential extraction analysis . Artemisia siebri
Introduction Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) play a significant role in living organism’s health. Many PTEs are physiologically essential for the biota when present at the optimum levels though might induce adverse health impacts in excessive concentrations (Antoniadis et al. 2019; Nematollahi et al. 2020). PTEs have attracted great attention due to their toxicity, diverse sources, nonbiodegradable nature, easy accumulation in organisms, and transport to a higher trophic level through the food chain (biomagnification), thereby posing potential threats to the terrestrial ecosystems (Moore et al. 2015; Duan et al. 2018; Bing et al. 2019; Nematollahi et al. 2020). The excess PTE levels in various environmental compartments (e.g., air, water, and soil) are of great concern for human health and ecosystem endurance. PTEs may be introduced into the environment via the natural (geogenic) processes (e.g., mineral weathering, volcanic eruptions,
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