Assessment of Karmi Landslide Zone, Bageshwar, Uttarakhand, India
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Assessment of Karmi Landslide Zone, Bageshwar, Uttarakhand, India V. N. Tiwari1,2*, V. H. R. Pandey3, Ashutosh Kainthola3*, P. K. Singh4, K. H. Singh1, and T. N. Singh1 1
Department of Earth Sciences, IIT Bombay, Mumbai - 400 076, India CE, PWD (UK), Almora – 263 601, India 3 Department of Geology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221 005, India 4 Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Allahabad- Prayagraj - 211 002, India *E-mail: [email protected] 2
ABSTRACT Slope instability is a big challenge for the population in mountainous regions. It poses a threat to life, economy, and infrastructure. For the safety of people, various prevention and precautions are taken and hence many scientific studies are going on. In the present study, the stability of the Karmi landslides zone, Bageshwar, Uttarakhand, India is assessed. Karmi village lies quite close to the northern border of India and the excavated roads are the only means of commute. The area lies in a tectonically active lesser Himalayan zone with high relief. Slope geometry was extracted using a total station, and seven different slope geometries were plotted. Soil and rock mass samples were taken and evaluated from various field and laboratory investigations. The direct shear test was performed to assess the friction angle and cohesion of the soil and rock mass. Numerical simulations viz., finite element analysis and probabilistic analysis have been applied on all seven slope sections and found that the mean and median safety factor of all the modeled slopes was 0.78 and 0.81, respectively. The study ascertains that the whole area to be quite vulnerable to failure, especially during rains, since the pore pressure build-up diminishes the shear strength of the slope forming material. Possible mitigation measures have been suggested based on the examined instability of the hill slopes. INTRODUCTION Instability of slopes is a major problem in mountainous regions all over the world. Each year, massive damage to life and property results from natural and man-made slope failure incidents. Developmental works such as roads, buildings, bridges, and dams across various parts of the globe are the major contributor to landslides and slope failures (Awasthi et al., 2019). Slope stability is the potential of any excavated or naturally inclined slope of rock/ soil/ debris to withstand or undergo downward and outward movement. In other words, the resistance of an inclined surface to failure by collapsing or sliding. There is a quantitative approach to measure slope stability known as factor of safety (FOS), which is the ratio of movement resisting forces (available shear strength) to driving forces (acting shear stress). Factors affecting the slope stability are geometry of slope (such as slope height and slope angle etc), discontinuities present in rock mass and their orientation with respect to slope’s orientation, geotechnical & mechanical properties of slope forming materials (such as friction angle, cohesion, shear strength, pore pressure,
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