Analysis of dry and wet climate characteristics at Uttarakhand (India) using effective drought index
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Analysis of dry and wet climate characteristics at Uttarakhand (India) using effective drought index Anurag Malik1 · Anil Kumar1 · Ozgur Kisi2 · Najeebullah Khan3 · Sinan Q. Salih4 · Zaher Mundher Yaseen5 Received: 23 October 2019 / Accepted: 6 October 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Drought is a complex natural disaster that adversely affects human life and the ecosystem. A variety of drought indexes are available for monitoring meteorological drought events. In the present study, Effective Drought Index (EDI) was utilized to quantify the drought and wet conditions with their probability at 13 districts of Uttarakhand State (India). The EDI was calculated for all study locations by using monthly rainfall data. The drought and wet incidents (i.e., moderate, severe, extreme) were categorized by setting a truncation level to the respective EDI value by using the runs theory concept. The results of the EDI examination explore that the probability of occurrence (PO) of normal events (conditions) was found to be 68% at Almora and Dehradun; 72% at Bageshwar; 71% at Chamoli and Pauri Garhwal; 69% at Champawat; Haridwar, Nainital, and Rudraprayag; 77% at Pithoragarh; 74% at Tehri Garhwal; and 44% at Pantnagar. Similarly, the PO of moderate drought and wet (MD and MW) events was found to be relatively more than the severe and extreme drought and wet events, except the Pantnagar station (extreme wet = 0.54). Thus, the outcomes of this study can be utilized to formulate the mitigation strategy in that way to store the surplus water in wet eras and utilized the same during drought for domestic and agricultural drives in the study districts. Keywords Climate characteristics · Effective drought index · Runs theory · Mitigation events · India
* Zaher Mundher Yaseen [email protected] 1
Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, College of Technology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand 263145, India
2
Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
3
School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
4
Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam
5
Sustainable Developments in Civil Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Natural Hazards
1 Introduction Drought is defined as a prolonged period of observable imbalance in hydrometeorological parameters due to the combined episodes of dry spells with little or no appreciable amount of rainfall (Mishra and Singh 2010). The classification of drought is generally done based on meteorological, agricultural, hydrological, and socioeconomic considerations (Paton et al. 2000). Droughts due to serious lack of rainfall (meteorological) often precede the other classes of events while hydrological drought is the manifestation of meteorological effects on stream/river flows (Hayes et a
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