Temporal and spatial variations in the engineering properties of the sediments in Ramganga River, Ganga Basin, India
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Temporal and spatial variations in the engineering properties of the sediments in Ramganga River, Ganga Basin, India Shaumik Daityari 1 & Mohd Yawar Ali Khan 1
Received: 21 June 2016 / Accepted: 14 February 2017 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2017
Abstract Development of infrastructure needs enormous natural Earth materials in the form of coarse and fine river aggregate materials. In India, flood plains of the Himalayan Rivers serve as an important source of river sand, leading to extensive sand mining. River Ramganga, the first major tributary of River Ganga, is one such river. In this study, 28 samples of river sediments across the stretch of the river were collected over two seasons: pre-monsoon and monsoon. The engineering properties of these sediments were studied with respect to the specifications of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) to understand the suitability of their use as fine aggregates in construction. An attempt has also been made in this study to correlate the variability of these properties with respect to the location and time of collection to the Ramganga River Dam at Kalagarh, the contribution of major tributaries, and the effect of monsoon. A pattern emerges from the variation of the physical properties that is explicable by these factors, whereas in general, the variation of the chemical properties does not follow a regular pattern. Keywords River sand . Engineering properties . ASTM . Ramganga River . Ganga River
* Shaumik Daityari [email protected] Mohd Yawar Ali Khan [email protected] 1
Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
Introduction In the construction of buildings and roads, rock is an important material. Rocks used as construction materials can broadly be classified into three forms—dimension stone, broken stone, and crushed stone (Winkler 1994). Rocks of the size of gravel to sand are used as subgrade material in the construction of roads and are laid below the pitch. In railway lines, rock particles are used as ballast material (Anderson and Fair 2008). In construction of buildings, it is used as both coarse and fine aggregates depending on the particle size. In rock-filled dams, rocks are the primary construction materials as well as aggregates (Yoon et al. 2002). Rock masses are also used as aggregate materials in construction. Such aggregates are mixed in a specific ratio with cement to form concrete, mortar, and plaster. Ideally, fine aggregates used to create such mixtures must be strong and chemically inert. Aggregates are generally divided into coarse and fine aggregates. Clay-sized particles may be used to construct the clay core of a dam, in addition to kachcha houses in rural areas. However, a need for a set of standards arises due to the variability of rock properties (Brekke and Howard 1972). The most common sources of fine aggregate are floodplains of rivers (Ilangovana et al. 2008), especially in developing countries. In Makurdi
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