Assessment of the cytotoxicity of cerium, tin, aluminum, and zinc oxide nanoparticles on human cells
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RESEARCH PAPER
Assessment of the cytotoxicity of cerium, tin, aluminum, and zinc oxide nanoparticles on human cells Vimala Devi Subramaniam & Ramachandran Murugesan & Surajit Pathak
Received: 22 November 2019 / Accepted: 24 November 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract In the course of time, there has been an increased usage of commercial products containing nanoparticles formulated from tin oxide (TNPs), cerium oxide (CNPs), aluminum oxide (ANPs), and zinc oxide (ZNPs). Despite the wide use of metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs), understanding about their toxicity and mechanism of action are still unclear. In the present study, TNPs, CNPs, ANPs, and ZNPs were produced by the method of chemical synthesis and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The effect of these MONPs on human red blood cells (RBCs) and human skin cells (HaCaT) was investigated. In skin cells, these MONPs showed concentration-dependent cytotoxicity. ZNPs downregulated the glutathione and upregulated lipid peroxidation and lactate dehydrogenase activity which correlates with the increased reactive oxygen production in cells. Genotoxic effect of ZNPs was measured by comet tail assay that showed increased DNA damage in skin cells. Upregulation of Hsp70, Grp 78, and CYP1A1 was observed following ZNPs and ANPs treatment with skin cells. In the case of CNPs and TNPs, the changes were not significant. This study demonstrates the toxic effects of ZNPs and ANPs on skin cells, V. D. Subramaniam : R. Murugesan : S. Pathak (*) Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai 603103, India e-mail: [email protected]
suggesting caution must be exercised in their use which may be restricted in the cosmetics industry and also products related to human use. Keywords Nanoparticles . Toxicity . Gene expression . Cytotoxicity . Metal oxide . Lipid peroxidation . Health effects
Introduction Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) are used worldwide in various applications including cosmetics industries (Banerjee et al. 2017; Devi and Prakash 2013). Despite the rapid progress and early acceptance of nanotechnology, the adverse health effects due to prolonged exposure to NPs are yet to be fully understood. Tin oxide nanoparticles (TNPs), cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs), aluminum oxide nanoparticles (ANPs), and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNPs) are used as agents in cosmetics, toothpaste, paints, and glass polishing agents (Singh and Nanda 2014). Due to these applications, there is a steady increase in the rate of exposure of these NPs to humans. Even though the skin is a major barrier that protects the body from the environment or any toxicant, it directly gets exposed to a number of NPs, which have the ability to easily cross the biological barriers because of their smaller size (Filipe et al. 2009). Once the particle enters the circulation, it subsequent
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