An assessment of heavy metal contamination in the surface sediments of Ha Long Bay, Vietnam
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
An assessment of heavy metal contamination in the surface sediments of Ha Long Bay, Vietnam Nhon Dang Hoai1 · Ha Nguyen Manh2 · Thanh Tran Duc1 · Thung Do Cong1 · Lan Tran Dinh1 · Ron Johnstone3 · Dung Nguyen Thi Kim4 Received: 25 January 2019 / Accepted: 11 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Ha Long Bay is an attractive landscape and a center of dynamic economic activity; however, it is subject to negative impacts from tourism, activity in its harbor, mining, industry, and urbanization, which is evidenced by the presence of pollutants, including heavy metals, in surface sediment at the bay. To ascertain the extent of the anthropogenic impact, 48 surface sediment samples were collected and analyzed for grain size and the presence of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Cd). Thirteen sediment types were identified in Ha Long Bay: sand, muddy sand, silty sand, sandy mud, mud, silt, sandy gravel, muddy sandy gravel, gravelly mud, gravelly muddy sand, slightly gravelly sandy mud, slightly gravelly sand, and sandy silt; of these, sandy silt and silty sand are the most common, while the others are less so. Regarding the concentration of heavy metals in the sediment, Cu concentration ranges from 3.80 to 41.72 mg/kg, with an average of 14.53 mg/kg; Pb ranges from 10.17 to 69.90 mg/kg, with an average of 30.39 mg/kg; Zn ranges from 6.34 to 119.21 mg/kg, with an average of 50.87 mg/kg; Cd ranges from 0.03 to 0.20 mg/kg, with an average of 0.08 mg/kg; As ranges from 1.78 to 13.71 mg/kg, with an average of 6.06 mg/kg. The concentrations of Cu, Pb, and As are higher than the Interim Sediment Quality Guideline (ISQG) levels at stations near the shoreline, and lower than the ISQG levels distributed throughout offshore stations. Keywords Sediment · Heavy metals · Ha Long Bay · Pollution
Introduction Ha Long Bay is located in Vietnam’s Quang Ninh province (Fig. 1). Its border to the north is close to Ha Long City, the east and the south are near the Gulf of Tonkin, and the west is near Hai Phong City. Ha Long Bay’s attractive landscape, both on land and underwater, was listed as a UNESCO
* Nhon Dang Hoai [email protected] 1
Institute of Marine Environment and Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 246 Da Nang Street, Haiphong, Vietnam
2
Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, 19 Le Thanh Tong Street, Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi, Vietnam
3
School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Brisbane, Australia
4
Haiphong Private University, 36 Dan Lap Street, Le Chan District, Haiphong, Vietnam
World Heritage Site and recognized for its geological and geomorphologic heritage between 1994 and 2000. The characteristics of the sedimentary environment of Ha Long Bay carry particularly significant implications for aquatic life. The animal at the bottom of Ha Long Bay is impacted by human activities like transportation, tourism, harbor, industrial, and degradation of environmental quality thereby
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