Association of co-accumulation of arsenic and organophosphate insecticides with diabetes and atherosclerosis in a rural
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Association of co‑accumulation of arsenic and organophosphate insecticides with diabetes and atherosclerosis in a rural agricultural community: KMCH‑NNCD‑I study Ganesan Velmurugan1,2 · Krishnan Swaminathan1,2 · Sundaresan Mohanraj2 · Mani Dhivakar1 · Ganesh Veerasekar2 · Thomas Alexander2 · Mathew Cherian2 · Nalla G. Palaniswami2 · Thalappil Pradeep1 Received: 15 November 2019 / Accepted: 10 March 2020 © Springer-Verlag Italia S.r.l., part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Aims In last few decades, the prevalence of diabetes and vascular diseases has intensified concurrently with increased use of synthetic chemicals in agriculture. This study is aimed to evaluate the association of co-accumulation of arsenic and organophosphate (OP) insecticides with diabetes and atherosclerosis prevalence in a rural Indian population. Methods This study included observations from KMCH-NNCD-I (2015) cross-sectional study (n = 865) from an Indian farming village. The participants had assessment of clinical parameters including H bA1c and carotid intima–media thickness and urinary heavy metals. Serum OP residues were extracted and quantified by GC–MS. Statistical analyses were performed to unravel the co-association of arsenic and OPs on prevalence of diabetes and atherosclerosis. Results On multivariate regression analyses, total organophosphate level and arsenic accumulation showed association with diabetes and atherosclerosis. Higher odds ratio with significant trends were observed for the sub-quartiles formed by the combination of higher quartiles of arsenic and total organophosphates in association with diabetes and atherosclerosis. Conclusions We observed evidence of possible synergism between arsenic and OPs in association with prevalence of diabetes, pre-diabetes and atherosclerosis in the study population. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding health effects of mixed exposures and raises vital questions on the role of these agrochemicals in the etiology of diabetes and vascular diseases. Keywords Rural health · Organophosphates · Arsenic · Endocrine-disrupting chemicals · Diabetes · Atherosclerosis
Managed by Massimo Federici. Ganesan Velmurugan and Krishnan Swaminathan have contributed equally to this work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-020-01516-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ganesan Velmurugan [email protected] * Thalappil Pradeep [email protected] 1
DST Unit of Nanoscience and Thematic Unit of Excellence in Water Research, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600 036, India
Chemomicrobiomics Laboratory, KMCH Research Foundation, Kovai Medical Centre and Hospital, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 014, India
2
Abbreviations As Arsenic AsQ Quartiles based on arsenic values CIMT Carotid intima–media thickness EDC Endocrine disrupting chemicals HbA1c Glycated hemoglobulin LOD Limit of detection LOQ Limit of quant
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