Astrophysical Concepts

Twenty-five years have passed since the first edition of Astrophysical Concepts appeared. During this time astrophysics has undergone major revolutions. We have gained new perspectives on the Universe with the aid ofpowerful gamma-ray, X ray, and infrare

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ASTRONOMY AND

LIBRARY Series Editors:

ASTROPHYSICS LIBRARY

I. Appenzeller • M. Harwit • R. Kippenhahn P.A. Strittmatter • V. Trimble

Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

lAf\1 LIBRARY

Series Editors:

ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS LIBRARY I. Appenzeller . M .Harwit . R. Kippenhahn P.A. Strittmatter ' V. Trimble

Tbeory of Orbits (2 volumes) Volume 1: Integrable Systems and Non-perturbative Methods Volume 2: Perturbative and Geometrical Methods By D. Boccaletti and G. Pucacco Galaxies and Cosmology By F. Combes, P. Boisse, A. Mazure, and A. Blanchard Tbe Solar System 2nd Edition By T. Encrenaz and 1.-P. Bibring Compact Stars NucIear Physics, ParticIe Physics, and General Relativity By NK Glendenning Tbe Pbysics and Dynamics of Planetary Nebulae By G.A. Gurzadyan Astrophysical Concepts 3rd Edition ByM. Harwit Stellar Structure and Evolution By R. Kippenhahn and A. Weigert Modem Astrometry By 1. Kovalevsky Supernovae Editor: A. Petschek General Relativity, Astrophysics, and Cosmology By A.K. Raychaudhuri, S. BaneIji, and A. BaneIjee Tools of Radio Astronomy 2nd Edition By K. Rohlfs and T.L. Wilson Atoms in Strong Magnetic Fields Quantum Mechanical Treatment and Applications in Astrophysics and Quantum Chaos By H. Ruder, G. Wunner, H. Herold, and F. Geyer

Continued after Index

Martin Harwit

Astrophysical Concepts Third Edition

With 174 lllustrations

,

Springer

Martin Harwit, Department of Astronomy, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6801, USA Series Editors Immo Appenzeller Landessternwarte, Konigstuhl 0-69117 Heidelberg Gennany

Peter A. Strittmatter Steward Observatory The University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721 USA

Martin Harwit

DepartmentofAstronorny Space Sciences Building Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853-6801 USA

Rudolf Kippenhahn Rautenbreite 2 0-37071 Gottingen Gennany

Virginia Trimble Astronomy Program University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742 and Department ofPhysics University of California Irving, CA 92717 USA

Cover picture: Near-infrared image of the galaxy M51 obtained with the camera on board the Infrared Space Observatory, ISO. (Courtesy of the ISOCAM consortium and the European Space Agency.) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Harwit, Martin, 1931Astrophysical concepts / Martin Harwit. - 3rd ed. p. cm. - (Astronomy and astrophysics Iibrary) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4757-2930-6 ISBN 978-1-4757-2928-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-2928-3 1. Astrophysics. 1. TItle. II. Series. QB46I.H37 1998 97-31%2 523.0 l-dc2 1 Printed on acid- free paper. The first edition was published in 1973 by John Wiley and Sons, Inc., and was reprinted and pubIished in 1982 by Concepts. © 1998, 1988 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. in 1998 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 3rd edition 1998 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written pennission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC), except fo