Astrophysics A New Approach
For a quantitative understanding of the physics of the universe - from the solar system through the milky way to clusters of galaxies all the way to cosmology - these edited lecture notes are perhaps among the most concise and also among the most critical
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I. Appenzeller, Heidelberg, Germany G. B¨orner, Garching, Germany A. Burkert, M¨unchen, Germany M. A. Dopita, Canberra, Australia A. Eckart, K¨oln, Germany T. Encrenaz, Meudon, France M. Harwit, Washington, DC, USA R. Kippenhahn, G¨ottingen, Germany J. Lequeux, Paris, France A. Maeder, Sauverny, Switzerland V. Trimble, College Park, MD, and Irvine, CA, USA
Wolfgang Kundt
Astrophysics A New Approach With 48 Figures, Including 16 Color Plates
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Professor Dr. Wolfgang Kundt Institut f¨ur Astrophysik Universit¨at Bonn Auf dem H¨ugel 71 53121 Bonn, Germany E-mail: [email protected]
Cover picture: The radio galaxy 0756 + 272 of (Eilek) type B, or ‘tailed source’, whose jet heads – or stagnation surfaces - are thought to no longer plough supersonically into their ambient medium. The galaxy belongs to Abell 610. It has a redshift of z=0.0956; its radio lobes have an angular diameter of 160". Its jet substance is thought to be pair ×B -drift. The AGN is some 0.7 cm to the right of the bright (red-cored) central hotspot. plasma performing an E [Image courtesy of Frazer Owen, NRAO/AUI]
ISSN 0941-7834 ISBN 3-540-22346-0 Second Edition Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN 3-540-41748-6 First Edition Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2004109321 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2001, 2005 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting by the author Production and final typesetting: LE-TEX Jelonek, Schmidt & V¨ockler GbR, Leipzig Cover design: design & production GmbH, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper
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Preface to the Second Edition
When the first edition of this book began running out, less than two years after its appearance, Springer informed me that I should concentrate on a second, somewhat enlarged edition. I liked that offer because my personal copy abounded with notes in the margin: omissions, misformulations, incoming new results, typos, and an insufficient index. In particular, when engaging myself in new problems, I had noticed missing formulae, and missing sections. During the months of updating, it has been satisfying to see one gap
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