Atmospheric concentration, source identification, and health risk assessment of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in
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Atmospheric concentration, source identification, and health risk assessment of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in two countries: Peru and Turkey Mehmet Ferhat Sari & Daniel Alejandro Córdova Del Águila & Yücel Tasdemir & Fatma Esen
Received: 13 May 2020 / Accepted: 10 September 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract It is known that some persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are used worldwide, and these pollutants are dangerous for human health. However, there are still countries where measurements of these pollutants have not been adequately measured. Although many studies have been published for determining the concentrations of POPs in Turkey, there are limited studies in Latin American countries like Peru. For this reason, it is essential both to conduct a study in Peru and to compare the study with another country. This study is aimed at determining the atmospheric POPs such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), organochlorine pesticide (OCP), and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations using passive air samplers in Yurimaguas (Peru) and Bursa (Turkey). Molecular diagnosis ratios and ring distribution methods were used to determine the sources of PAHs. According to these methods, coal and biomass combustions were among the primary sources of PAHs in Peru, while petrogenic and petroleum were the primary sources of PAHs in Turkey. Then, α-HCH/γHCH and β-/(α+γ)-HCH ratios were used to determine the sources of OCPs. According to the α-HCH/γ-HCH ratios, the primary sources of OCPs in both countries Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08604-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. M. F. Sari : D. A. Córdova Del Águila : Y. Tasdemir : F. Esen (*) Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Nilufer, Bursa, Turkey e-mail: [email protected]
were lindane. Similarly, according to β-/(α+γ)-HCH ratios, the HCHs have been historically used in Peru while they were recently utilized in Turkey. Finally, homologous group distributions were used to determine the sources of PCBs. Similar distributions of homologous groups were observed in the sampling sites in both countries. Also, the homologous group distributions obtained have been determined that industrial activities could be effective in the sampling areas in both countries. When the cancer risks that could occur via inhalation were evaluated, no significant cancer risk has been determined in both countries. Keywords Peru . PCBs . PAHs . OCPs . Passive air sampler
Introduction Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are characterized due to their persistence, bioaccumulative, long-range transport, and toxicity. Some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are among the well-known POPs (Qu et al. 2019; Yin et al. 2017). PAHs formed by the combination of two or more benzene rings and consisted of hundreds of different co
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