Investigating of primary components and source apportionment of persistent organic pollutants of indoor dust
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Investigating of primary components and source apportionment of persistent organic pollutants of indoor dust B. Basaran1 · M. Yılmaz Civan1 Received: 1 July 2020 / Revised: 16 September 2020 / Accepted: 30 September 2020 © Islamic Azad University (IAU) 2020
Abstract A number of studies have pointed out the occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in indoor dust from different commercial and residential settings, but limited studies exist on the apportionment of their potential sources. This study aims to determine the levels and apportion of possible sources of 14 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and also 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which are the most abundant POPs found in indoor dusts. A total of 90 indoor dust samples were collected from the homes located in different districts of Kocaeli, Turkey, between February and April, 2016. The total concentrations of PBDEs (Σ14PBDEs) were measured in the range of 11.74 ng g−1 and 2484 ng g−1 with a median value of 207.4 ng g−1, while the concentration of Σ16PAHs was between 21.6 and 11274 ng g−1, and the median value was 927.6 ng g−1. Possible sources of PAHs and PBDEs indoors were extracted with the EPA Positive Matrix Factorization 5 model and identified with the information gathered from both the applied questionnaires and literature. Coal/biomass combustion was found to be highest contributor to measured PAHs while the emission of commercial penta-BDE was the main source of PBDEs indoor dust in Kocaeli. The findings from this study obviously indicate the mitigation of these main sources can be effective in improving the indoor air quality. Keywords Positive matrix factorization (PMF) · Indoor dust · PAHs · PBDEs
Introduction Humans are exposed to indoor pollutants for a longer period of time as they spend about 90% of their time indoors such as homes, offices, schools, nurseries, shopping centers, cafés, gyms and cybercafés as a result of urbanization (DellaValle et al. 2013). Therefore, the studies conducted on indoor air quality especially in urban areas have started to gain attention recently (Melymuk et al. 2016). Infiltration of pollutants into indoors and the chemicals released from the materials/consumer products in indoors elevate pollution concentrations indoors (Ali et al. 2016). The indoor air Editorial responsibility: Maryam Shabani. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02973-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * M. Yılmaz Civan [email protected] 1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, 41380 Kocaeli, Turkey
quality has deteriorated substantially due to the increase in the number and amount of additive chemicals in the materials inside and slower photochemical, chemical or microbiological degradation occurred indoors (Söderström et al. 2004; Kajiwara et al. 2008). Consequently, considering the time spent indoors, people are exposed to many o
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