Global Atmospheric Transport of Persistent Organic Pollutants to the Russian Arctic
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al Atmospheric Transport of Persistent Organic Pollutants to the Russian Arctic M. A. Zapevalova*, D. P. Samsonova, A. I. Kochetkova, E. M. Pasynkovaa, and E. G. Bogachevaa a
Taifun Research and Production Association, pr. Lenina 82, Obninsk, Kaluga oblast, 249020 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] Received March 25, 2019 Revised October 23, 2019 Accepted December 17, 2019
Abstract—The experimental results of evaluating levels of air pollution with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) listed in the Stockholm Convention at Amderma and Tiksi stations in 2015–2017 are presented. The list of POPs includes polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers. The ranges of the POP concentration are revealed and the statistical characteristics (mean, median) over the observation period are calculated. Based on the analysis of diagnostic ratios and temperature dependences, the features of global transport sources are considered. A wide range of variations in the concentration of POPs is shown that depends on environmental factors and the source type (local sources or global transport).
DOI: 10.3103/S1068373920090071 Keywords: Persistent organic pollutants, Stockholm Convention, Arctic region, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, toxaphenes, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, ambient air
INTRODUCTION The urgency of the problem of the Arctic region pollution is determined by the fact that ecosystems of the northern regions are very sensitive to anthropogenic impacts. One of the most unpredictable and poorly explored phenomena is the impact on the Arctic ecosystem of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which have exclusively anthropogenic origin. Due to the features of the global atmospheric circulation, POPs that arrive to the atmosphere are concentrated exactly in the polar regions of the globe [8, 14]. In the Northern Hemisphere, where most of population lives, the main portion of industrial and agricultural products are produced, and the anthropogenic impact of POPs on the Arctic ecosystem outs under great risks favorable living conditions on the whole Earth. The majority of long-term series of POPs observations in the atmosphere (>20 years) were obtained for the Arctic regions of North America and Western Europe (AMAP stations: Alert (Canada), Zeppelin (Norway), Pallas (Finland)). There is an acute lack of regular data for the Arctic zone of Eastern Europe and Asia, which leads to great uncertainties in modeling and estimating the global transport of POPs. Besides the scientific and practical value, the monitoring of POPs in the Russian Arctic is one of the elements of international obligations of the Russian Federation in the framework of the Stockholm Convention on POPs (2001) [4]. The given paper presents and summarizes experimental results of studying the concentration of several groups of the most common organochlorine compounds: hexachlorobenzene (HCB), HCH isomers, DDT, DDD, DDE, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), as well as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs
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