Spatial distribution and source identification together with environmental health risk assessment of PAHs along the coas
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Spatial distribution and source identification together with environmental health risk assessment of PAHs along the coastal zones of the USA Mohammad Sakizadeh
Received: 5 January 2020 / Accepted: 10 April 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) sources and hot spot areas are the primary driving forces for their control in the environment. This study was performed in the US coastal areas to identify the major sources of PAHs and investigate the spatial distribution associated with carcinogenic PAHs (CPAHs) using a novel spatial forecasting method for the first time in environmental sciences. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs demonstrated the predominance of pyrogenic sources compared to petrogenic sources within the area of study. Five factors were extracted using positive matrix factorization method with respect to 16 priority PAHs, indicating the dominance of pyrogenic versus petrogenic sources mainly as a result of combustion products in the environment. The total toxic benzo[a]pyrene equivalency (TEQ) for all CPAHs ranged from 0.03 to 10,456 ng/g containing a mean of 199 ng/g. The contribution of each CPAH to the total TEQ varied according to the following order: benzo[a]pyrene (65.4%), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (12%), benzo[b]fluoranthene (10%), benzo[a]anthracene M. Sakizadeh (&) Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam e-mail: [email protected] M. Sakizadeh Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
(6%), indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene (6%), benzo[k]fluoranthene (0.5%) and chrysene (0.1%). The spatial analysis by fixed rank kriging (FRK) highlighted a similar pattern associated with all of the CPAHs with higher values in the northern part of New Jersey State. In particular, Passaic River, Upper New York/New Jersey Harbor, Mullica River, Schuylkill River, Newark Bay and Christina River were the most contaminated stations regarding the observed values of CPAHs. Keywords Fixed rank kriging PAHs Positive matrix factorization Spatial analysis Abbreviations Ace Acenaphthene Acy Acenaphthylene Ant Anthracene BaA Benzo[a]anthracene BaP Benzo[a]pyrene BbF Benzo[b]fluoranthene BgP Benzo[g,h,i]perylene BkF Benzo[k]fluoranthene Chr Chrysene CPAH Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons CSO Combined sewer overflow DahA Ddibenzo[a,h]anthracene EPA Environmental Protection Agency ERL Effects range low
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Environ Geochem Health
ERM FFPI Fla Flu FRK Gulf IARC InP Nap NCA NE NEP NOAA PAH PCA Phe PMF Pyr R2 SE S/N SQGs TEF TEQ
Effects range median Fossil fuel pollution index Fluoranthene Fluorene Fixed rank kriging Gulf of Mexico International Agency for Research of Cancer Indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene Naphthalene National Coastal Assessment Northeast National Estuary Program National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Principal compone
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