Attenuation of Protein Adsorption on Static and Vibrating Magnetic Nanowires
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Attenuation of Protein Adsorption on Static and Vibrating Magnetic Nanowires Kristy M. Ainslie1, Gaurav Sharma2, Maureen A. Dyer1, Craig A. Grimes2,3, and Michael V. Pishko1,2,4* Materials Research Institute, 1Department of Chemical Engineering, 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 3Department of Electrical Engineering, and 4Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 ABSTRACT The research described here investigates the hypothesis that nanoarchitecture contained in a nanowire array is capable of attenuating the adverse host response, biofouling, generated when medical devices, such as sensors, are implanted in the body. This adverse host response generates an avascular fibrous mass transfer barrier between the device and the analyte of interest, disabling the sensor. Numerous studies have indicated that surface chemistry and architecture modulated the host response. These findings lead us to hypothesize that nanostructured surfaces will significantly inhibit the formation of an avascular fibrous capsule. We are investigating whether vibrating magnetostrictive nanowires, formed in nanowire arrays, can prevent protein and cell adhesion. Magnetostrictive nanowires are fabricated by electroplating a ferromagnetic metal alloy into the pores of a nanoporous alumina template. The ferromagnetic nanowires are made to vibrate by altering the magnetic field surrounding the wires. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and other protein assays were used to study protein adhesion on the nanowire arrays. These results display a reduced protein adhesion per surface area of static nanowires. The vibrating nanowires show a further reduction in protein adhesion, compared to static wires. Studies were also preformed to investigate the effects ofnanoarchitecture have on cell adhesion. These studies were performed with both static and vibrating nanowires. Preliminary protein adhesion studies have shown that a nanowire arrays modulate protein adhesion in vitro. INTRODUCTION Implanted medical devices typically fail due to biofouling within one month of implantation. Due to the adverse host response that results in sensor drift, subcutaneous glucose sensors, lose sensitivity, and need frequent recalibration. Initially, up to 21 days after implantation, proteins (e.g. albumin, fibrinogen, fibronectin, IgG, and collagen) and cells (e.g. as macrophages and red blood cells) adhere to the surface of the implant forming an avascular fibrous capsule. The sensor becomes handicapped by the mass transfer resistance due to the fibrous capsule formation and increased distance from the vasculature.[1] Studies have indicated that microporous materials are capable of maintaining vascular growth near the tissue-material surface.[1] Microporous materials that contained large planar features triggered an avascular host response, whereas the same materials lacking the planar features and having a more fibrous structure, prompted neovascularization at the tissue-material interface.[1
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