Impact of Static Magnetic Fields (SMFs) on Cells
This chapter contains two parts. The first one is about parameters that influence the cellular effects of static magnetic fields (SMFs), including magnetic field intensity, cell types, cell densities as well as other cellular factors. The second part is a
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Impact of Static Magnetic Fields (SMFs) on Cells
Abstract This chapter contains two parts. The first one is about parameters that influence the cellular effects of static magnetic fields (SMFs), including magnetic field intensity, cell types, cell densities as well as other cellular factors. The second part is about the various commonly seen cellular effects of SMFs, including cell orientation, proliferation, microtubule and cell division, actin, viability, attachment/ adhesion, morphology, migration, membrane, cell cycle, chromosome and DNA, reactive oxygen species (ROS), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as well as calcium. The focus of this chapter is on current evidence of SMFs on human cells and some animal cells, and especially on the potential factors that contributed to the different observations in individually reported studies. Keywords Static magnetic field (SMF) • Cell type • Cell density • Red blood cell (RBC) • Orientation • Microtubule • Calcium
4.1 Introduction Just like temperature and pressure, magnetic field is an important physical parameter that could have a general impact on multiple objects. The effect of magnetic field on object is mainly dependent on the magnetic susceptibility of the object, the magnetic field intensity and gradient. As discussed in Chap. 3, cells are filled with various cellular contents and biomolecules that could respond to the magnetic field, such as cell membrane, mitochondria, DNA and some proteins. For example, it has been shown that the peptide bonds united into organized structures, such as α-helix, which confers proteins diamagnetic anisotropy (Pauling 1979) (Fig. 4.1a–c). Organized polymers, such as microtubules that are composed of well organized tubulin (Fig. 4.1d), are also demonstrated to have strong diamagnetic anisotropy and could be aligned in the presence of magnetic fields (Vassilev et al. 1982; Bras et al. 1998, 2014). Both of them have been discussed in a recent review (Fig. 4.1) (Albuquerque et al. 2016). Obviously, the effects of magnetic fields on biological samples such as a human cell are not restricted to just a few components. In a recent work by Zablotskii et al., the theoretical calculation was provided to explain the effect of high gradient magnetic fields (HGMFs), which belong to SMFs because © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 X. Zhang et al., Biological Effects of Static Magnetic Fields, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-3579-1_4
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4 Impact of Static Magnetic Fields (SMFs) on Cells
Fig. 4.1 Anisotropy diamagnetism in biological structures. Planar Peptide bonds present in α-helix give it large diamagnetic anisotropy (a). (b) and (c) show the magnetic vector generated by the helical structures. In microtubules (d) the parallel alignment of the peptide bonds with the α-helix axis and their assembly internally to the circular structure increase the magnitude of the magnetic anisotropy as a summation of each secondary magnetic fields B′ (Figure was reprinted with permission from ref. (Albuquerque et al. 2016). Copyright © 2016 Publis
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