Automated fluorimetric sensor for hydrazine determination in water samples based on the concept of zone fluidics
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY IN ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND CHEMISTRY STUDIES
Automated fluorimetric sensor for hydrazine determination in water samples based on the concept of zone fluidics Apostolia Tsiasioti 1 & Paraskevas D. Tzanavaras 1 Received: 26 November 2019 / Accepted: 22 April 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In the present study, we report an automated fluorescence sensor for the determination of hydrazine in various water samples based on the concept of zone fluidics. Hydrazine and O-phthalaldehyde react through a unique mechanism in acidic medium (pH = 1.5) and without the presence of additional nucleophilic compounds. Another interesting feature of the proposed reaction is that it is not based on the Red/Ox properties of hydrazine, enhancing further the selectivity of the analytical procedure. The produced hydrazone exhibits high fluorescence at Ex = 318/Em = 376 nm. Using 120 s as a stopped flow step and temperature of 70 °C, we achieved satisfactory sensitivity for the determination of the analyte at a microgram per liter level with a limit of detection of 1.4 μg L−1 and an analysis rate of 12 h−1. The absence of matrix effect enabled the direct analysis of drinking (tap, mineral, table) and boiler feedwater samples with percent recoveries in the range of 91–111%. Keywords Zone fluidics . Hydrazine . O-Phthalaldehyde . Derivatization . Automation . Water samples
Introduction Hydrazine is a man-made basic compound with highly reducing properties. It is used in an extremely wide range of activities/applications including—but certainly not limited to—boiler water as deoxygenating additive, the pharmaceutical industry for the synthesis of active ingredients and even as fuel component for the propulsion of rockets (Schmidt 2001). Hydrazine is included in the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) of the US EPA as a probable human carcinogen (EPA 1988). In 2000, Toth (2000) reported a detailed overview of carcinogenicity data on hydrazine and structuraly analogous compounds, including natural products (mushrooms) that contain the analyte. In 2012, Smolenkov and Shpigun (2012) reviewed the liquid chromatographic methods for the determination of hydrazines and discussed several separation mechanisms such as ion pair, ion exclusion, and hydrophilic interaction
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Paraskevas D. Tzanavaras [email protected] 1
Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
chromatography (HILIC). Recently, the same group also reported an overview of batch and flow spectrophotometric and fluorimetric methods for hydrazine and its methlyated analogs (Smolenkov et al. 2012), while Elder et al. (2011) reviewed the analysis of hydrazine and related compounds in pharmaceuticals. Alternative analytical techniques that have been employed for the determination of hydrazine cover almost all aspects of instrumental analysis such as gas chromatography (Oh et al. 2013), ampero
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