Autumn to spring microbial community in the northern Baltic Sea: temporal variability in bacterial, viral and nanoflagel
- PDF / 1,825,545 Bytes
- 14 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 50 Downloads / 122 Views
ORIGINAL PAPER
Autumn to spring microbial community in the northern Baltic Sea: temporal variability in bacterial, viral and nanoflagellate abundance during the cold‑water season Laura Kaikkonen1,2 · Sara Enberg1,2 · Jaanika Blomster1 · Anne‑Mari Luhtanen2,3,4 · Riitta Autio3 · Janne‑Markus Rintala1,2,5 Received: 10 March 2019 / Revised: 8 June 2020 / Accepted: 16 June 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Marine microbial communities undergo drastic changes during the seasonal cycle in high latitude seas. Despite the dominance of microbial biomass in the oceans, comprehensive studies on the seasonal changes of microbial plankton during the complete winter period are lacking. To study the seasonal variation in abundance of the microbial community, water samples were collected weekly in the Northern Baltic Sea from October to May. During ice cover from mid-January to April, samples from the sea ice and the underlying water were taken in addition to the water column samples. Abundances of bacteria, virus-like particles, nanoflagellates, and chlorophyll a concentrations were measured from sea ice, under-ice water, and the water column, and examined in relation to environmental conditions. All studied organisms had clear seasonal changes in abundance, and the sea-ice microbial community had an independent wintertime development compared to the water column. Bacteria were observed to have a key role in the biotic interactions in both ice and the water column, and the dormant period during the cold-water months (October–May) was limited to before ice formation. Our results provide the first insights into the temporal dynamics of bacteria and viruses during the whole cold-water season (October–May) in coastal high latitude seas, and demonstrate that changes in the environmental conditions are likely to affect bacterial dynamics and have implications on trophic interactions. Keywords Bacteria · Baltic Sea · Nanoflagellates · VLP · Sea ice · Time series
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-020-02700-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Laura Kaikkonen [email protected] 1
Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
2
Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, 10900 Hanko, Finland
3
Marine Research Centre, Finnish Environment Institute, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
4
Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
5
Present Address: Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
Introduction Microbial communities undergo changes in both abundance and community composition during a seasonal cycle in high latitude seas. During winter months when autotrophic production is limited, the importa
Data Loading...
