Azolla filiculoides as a feedstock for biofuel production: cultivation condition optimization
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Azolla filiculoides as a feedstock for biofuel production: cultivation condition optimization A. Golzary1 · A. Hosseini2 · M. Saber3 Received: 2 April 2020 / Accepted: 22 September 2020 © Islamic Azad University (IAU) 2020
Abstract Azolla, as a water fern, is among the fast-growing marine macrophytes in the world, which makes it a potentially important sequester of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. This study aimed to enhance the Azolla growth rate and enhance the lipid extraction for biodiesel production. The maximum growth rate is achieved at a temperature of 22 °C, a light intensity of 20 lx, a humidity of 75%, and a pH of 6.4 within 2.1 days considered as doubling time. In addition, by considering the effect of key variables, a model was proposed, which can predict the Azolla growth rate. Lipid content in Azolla is found to be 11.7%. Finally, this harmful weed with its fast growth rate can be the feedstock of biorefineries; besides, its elimination can help wetlands conservation. Keywords Azolla · Cultivation · Optimization · Lipid extraction · Biorefinery Abbreviations Dt Doubling time RSM Response surface methodology BBD Box–Behnken statistical design STL Solvothremal liquefaction SEM Scanning electron microscopy BET Brunauer–Emmett–Teller DCM Dichloromethane HHV Higher heating value MUFAs Monounsaturated fatty acids SFAs Saturated fatty acids MUFAs Monounsaturated fatty acids
* A. Golzary [email protected] A. Hosseini a.hosseini‑[email protected] 1
School of Environment, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, P. O. Box 14155‑6135, Tehran, Iran
2
Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering (3mE), Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), Room 34 H‑2‑300, Building 34, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, Netherlands
3
Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Yokohama 226‑8502, Japan
Introduction Azolla is among the water-based macrophytes which multiplies rapidly and can be doubled in only 2–5 (Khosravi & Rakhshaee, 2005). One of its remarkable features is that it can be easily found on Africa, Asia, America and Europe (Costa et al., 2009; Pereira & Carrapiço, 2009). During the last few years, there have been extensive studies to determine its potentials to be applied on animal and human food and wastewater treatment and also in removing nitrogenous compounds from the water (Lumpkin & Plucknett, 1980; Sadeghi et al., 2013; Wagner, 1997). Several studies in literature verified the high potential of Azolla to be applied as biofuel (Newton & Cavins, 1976; Peters et al., 1976; Sanginga & Van Hove, 1989). Due to its wide application in different green technologies, it is known as “green gold mine” among researchers worldwide. There are seven different types of Azolla species reported so far (Armstrong, 1979), among which A. filiculoides is the only type that can propagate in Anzali wetland, northern Iran (Sadeghi et al., 2013; Sadeghi et al., 2012a, b). A.
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