Bacterial cellulose: a biomaterial with high potential in dental and oral applications
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REVIEW PAPER
Bacterial cellulose: a biomaterial with high potential in dental and oral applications A. Can˜as-Gutie´rrez C. Castro-Herazo
. M. Osorio . C. Molina-Ramı´rez . D. Arboleda-Toro .
Received: 7 January 2020 / Accepted: 12 September 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Bacterial cellulose has great potential as a biomaterial for dental and oral applications. It has been used mainly in dental pulp tissue regeneration, periodontal regeneration, and dressing of surgical wounds of the oral mucosa. In addition, bacterial cellulose has been explored in dental root canal treatment to remove the total residue and dry the canal. This review describes some bacterial cellulose studies focused on these applications, as well as advantages, disadvantages and some important results
in both in vitro and in vivo evaluations, based on the physiological and structural components of the particular tissue. Furthermore, this work describes the properties and advantages of bacterial cellulose in dental and oral applications compared with other biomaterials. Finally, in the new era of biomaterials, composite materials inspired by biological tissue based on bacterial cellulose are proposed for alveolar bone regeneration.
A. Can˜as-Gutie´rrez (&) M. Osorio C. Molina-Ramı´rez C. Castro-Herazo School of Engineering, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Circular 1 No. 70-01, Medellı´n, Colombia e-mail: [email protected] D. Arboleda-Toro School of Dentistry, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 64 No. 52-59, Medellı´n, Colombia
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Cellulose
Graphic abstract
Keywords Bacterial cellulose Dental applications Oral applications Periodontal treatment Endodontic treatment
Introduction Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on earth. It is found in cellular walls of green plants, moreover, it can be synthesized by fungi, and bacteria (Alshehadat et al. 2016). In recent years, bacterial cellulose (BC) has gained interest as biomaterial for medical applications, such as implants and scaffolds for tissue engineering (Lin and Dufresne 2014). The molecular formula of BC is the same as plant cellulose (C6H10O5)n. However, some physical and chemical properties, like mechanical strength, ultrathin structure, crystallinity, purity, and high water-retention capacity are different (Chawla et al. 2009). The BC compared with plant cellulose is free of lignin, hemicelluloses, and other molecules; thus, plant cellulose requires intensive processes to prepare it for medical use (Petersen and Gatenholm 2011), unlike BC that should be treated with strong bases to remove cell debris embedded in the polymer network (Czaja et al. 2007b). Bacterial Cellulose is synthesized by an obligate aerobic bacteria, which belongs to the Komagataeibacter genus, mainly by Komagataeibacter xylinus (formerly Acetobacter xylinum and Gluconacetobacter xylinus) (Yamada 2014), using
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glucose as substrate (Klemm et al. 2011). An advantage to using BC as biomaterial is its easy-forming process into a va
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