Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides Structure, Chemical Synthesis, Biogene
The bacterial lipopolysaccharide also known as endotoxin is exhaustively covered in the present work. Central emphasis is placed upon the fine chemical structure of the lipopolysaccharide and its significance for understanding their activity and function.
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Yuriy A. Knirel
l
Miguel A. Valvano
Editors
Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides Structure, Chemical Synthesis, Biogenesis and Interaction with Host Cells
SpringerWienNewYork
Yuriy A. Knirel N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospekt 47 119991 Moscow, V-334 Russia [email protected]
Miguel A. Valvano Centre for Human Immunology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Western Ontario London, ON N6A 5C1 Canada [email protected]
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machines or similar means, and storage in data banks. Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for all the information contained in this book. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. # 2011 Springer-Verlag/Wien SpringerWienNewYork is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.at Cover design: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany Typesetting: SPi, Pondicherry, India Printed on acid-free and chlorine-free bleached paper SPIN: 12599509 With 65 Figures Library of Congress Control Number: 2011932724 ISBN 978-3-7091-0732-4 e-ISBN 978-3-7091-0733-1 DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-0733-1 SpringerWienNewYork
Preface
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major component of the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. It contributes essentially to the integrity and stability of the outer membrane, represents an effective permeability barrier towards external stress factors, and is thus indispensable for the viability of bacteria in various niches, including animal and plant environment. On the other hand, the presence of the LPS on the cell surface is beneficial for the host as it serves as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognized by, and thus activates, the host immune system resulting normally in elimination of the pathogen. Being unable to get rid of the LPS, bacteria evolved various mechanisms for LPS structure modification to make them invisible for the immune system and resistant to defense factors such as complement and antibiotics. This highlights the LPS as the most variable cell wall constituent. Since its discovery in the late 19th century the LPS, then named endotoxin, has attracted the curiosity of many researchers virtually in all fields of life science such as medicine, microbiology, pharmacology, chemistry, biochemistry, biophysics, immunology, cell biology, and genetics. Attesting this in part, more than 71,000 and 79,000 publications are cited in PubMed at the beginning of 2011 using LPS and endotoxin as queries, respectively. LPS has also attracted interest in biotechnology and the pharmacological industry for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic me
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