Bacterial wilt of ginger ( Zingiber officinale Rosc.) incited by Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum - A review based on pathog
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REVIEW
Bacterial wilt of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) incited by Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum - A review based on pathogen diversity, diagnostics and management Thekkan Puthiyaveedu Prameela 1 & Rajamma Suseela Bhai 1 Received: 20 May 2019 / Accepted: 6 January 2020 # Società Italiana di Patologia Vegetale (S.I.Pa.V.) 2020
Abstract Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is one of the most important spice crops cultivated in India and several other countries such as China, Nepal, Indonesia and Nigeria. Bacterial wilt of ginger, referred to as “ginger blast” or “Mahali”/ “green wilt” caused by Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum Safni et al. 2014 (formerly Ralstonia solanacearum), is the most destructive pathogen of ginger reported from all the ginger growing countries. This bacterium has a wide host range and is notoriously known for its aggressiveness and ability to survive in soil for many years. Without understanding the symptomatology, epidemiology or genetic diversity of the pathogen, it is impossible to develop suitable diagnostics or management strategies against this pathogen. Common strategies employed for bacterial wilt management met with limited success and still it remains as an enigma. This literature review therefore mainly focused on the symptomatology, diversity and diagnosis of the pathogen and also on the management strategies adopted to mitigate the problem. Keywords Bacterial wilt . Calcium chloride . Diversity . Diagnostics . Ginger . Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum . Bacillus licheniformis
Ginger belongs to the family Zingiberaceae, is a perennial herbaceous spice cultivated in India and outside for the spicy vegetable ginger and dried ginger (“chukku”). It is one of the most important spices in Ethiopia and up to 35% of the total arable lands were allotted for ginger production (Kifelew et al. 2015). The top ginger growing countries are India, China Nepal Indonesia and Nigeria (https://www.worldatlas.com/ articles/the-leading-ginger producing-countries-in-the-world. html) where Nigeria stands first in area under ginger cultivation (56.23%) followed by India (23.6%), China (4. 47%), Indonesia (3.37%) and Bangladesh (2.32%) (http:// efreshglobal.com/eFresh/Content/Products.aspx?u=Ginger_ pcer). However, India ranks first in production and contributes
* Rajamma Suseela Bhai [email protected] Thekkan Puthiyaveedu Prameela [email protected] 1
ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Marikunnu P O, Kozhikode 673012, India
to about 32.75% of the world production followed by China (21.41%), Nigeria (12.54%) and Bangladesh (10.80%) (https://www.nabard.org/english/ginger.aspx) and in 2013, the global production was 2.1 million tons. In India the major ginger growing states are Kerala, Karnataka, Sikkim, Meghalaya, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh (Singh et al. 2012). Ginger grows from sea level up to an altitude of 1500 m (Pruthy 1993) and requires a rainfall of 150 to 300 cm during the vegetation period (Nybe and Mini Raj 2005). It is a monsoon crop in south India, but
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