Bioaccumulation and toxic effects of penconazole in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) following soil exposure
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Bioaccumulation and toxic effects of penconazole in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) following soil exposure Ruisheng Li 1 & Zhiyuan Meng 1 & Wei Sun 1 & Ruoyue Wu 1 & Ming Jia 1 & Sen Yan 1 & Sinuo Tian 1 & Wentao Zhu 1 & Zhiqiang Zhou 1 Received: 10 April 2020 / Accepted: 18 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract As an agricultural fungicide, penconazole (PEN) is widely used and has adverse effects on various organisms. In order to evaluate the ecological safety risks of PEN, the bioaccumulation and toxic effects of PEN in earthworms were studied. Specifically, the results show that the biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) of PEN in earthworms reaches its maximum within 1 day, and then decreases slowly. It reached its lowest value after 14 days of PEN exposure and then rose again. In addition, oxidative stress and metabolic disorder of the earthworm with PEN exposure were assessed. After PEN exposure, the related indicators of oxidative stress involved in the activities of SOD and CAT and the contents of GSH and MDA all changed significantly in earthworms. Moreover, metabolomics analysis of earthworms showed disturbed metabolic profiles following PEN exposure. Respectively, PEN exposure significantly altered the relative abundances of 14 metabolites in earthworms. In general, exposure to PEN caused oxidative stress and metabolic profile disorders of earthworms. The results of this study will be helpful for further evaluation of soil ecological security of PEN. Keywords Penconazole . Earthworm . Bioaccumulation . Oxidative stress . Metabolites
Introduction Penconazole (PEN) is a typical triazole fungicide commonly used in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry (Kenyon et al. 1997).In agriculture, it is widely used in grapes, apples, vegetables, and tea plants to control powdery mildew (Pose-Juan et al. 2010). PEN is usually sprayed directly onto plants and quickly absorbed and distributed inside the plant leaves (Chaabane et al. 2016). Due to drift during application, rain
Ruisheng Li and Zhiyuan Meng contributed equally to this work. Responsible Editor: Chris Lowe Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09815-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Zhiqiang Zhou [email protected] 1
Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
washes the pesticide on the leaves, the leaves of the plants fall on the soil, and PEN could reach the soil and water (Husak et al. 2017); meaning it is ubiquitous in the natural environment and poses potential environmental risks. Previous studies have shown that the levels of dermal body exposure of PEN were 21–111 μg for 22 winegrowers. Two PEN metabolites were detected in the urine of winegrowers at concentrations of 15.6–27.6 and 2.5–10.2 μg/L, respectively (Mercad
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