Biochemical Effects Induced by the Hexachlorocyclohexanes
Hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs) are environmental contaminants produced as a result of the photochemical chlorination of benzene during the manufacture of technical HCH, which has been widely used for the control of agricultural pests and mosquitoes.
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Introduction........................................................................................................................... Structure of the Hexachlorocyclohexanes............................................................................. Exposure, Distribution, and Metabolism.............................................................................. Toxicity in Mammals............................................................................................................ Cell Signaling Induced by HCH........................................................................................... 5.1 Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Channel Function........................................................... 5.2 Calcium Homeostasis.................................................................................................. 5.3 Phosphoinositide Turnover.......................................................................................... 5.4 Activation of Phospholipases....................................................................................... 5.5 Oxidative Stress........................................................................................................... 5.6 Other Actions of HCH................................................................................................. 5.7 HCHs and Estrogenicity.............................................................................................. 6 Summary............................................................................................................................... References...................................................................................................................................
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1 Introduction Hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs) are environmental contaminants produced as a result of the photochemical chlorination of benzene during the manufacture of technical HCH, which has been widely used for the control of agricultural pests and mosquitoes. Technical HCH is a mixture of five isomers: a-HCH (53–70%), b-HCH (3–14%), g-HCH (11–18%), d-HCH (6–10%), and e-HCH (3–5%), of which only the g-isomer (lindane) possesses relevant insecticidal activity (Langenhoff et al. 2002). As a consequence of their widespread use, particularly in developing countries, HCHs residues have been incorporated as contaminants into the human diet through food products (Nigam and Siddiqui 2001), and proof of their distribution lies in the
J. Olivero-Verbel (*) Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cartagena, Campus of Zaragocilla, Cartagena, Colombia e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] D.M. Whitacre (ed.), Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 212, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-8453-1_1, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
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