Biochemistry of Atherosclerosis

About the Series: Advances in Biochemistry in Heath and Disease presents state-of-the-art discussions in cutting-edge biochemical research, offering exciting developments that impact healthcare and disease research. Volumes in the series focus on cross-di

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ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMISTRY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE

Series Editor: Naranjan S. Dhalla, PhD, MD (Hon), DSc (Hon) Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada Editorial Board: A. Angel, Toronto, Canada; I.M.C. Dixon, Winnipeg, Canada; L.A. Kirshenbaum, Winnipeg, Canada; Dennis B. McNamara, New Orleans, Louisiana; M.A.Q. Siddiqui, Brooklyn, New York; A.K. Srivastava, Montreal, Canada

Volume 1: S. K. Cheema (ed.), Biochemistry of Atherosclerosis

Biochemistry of Atherosclerosis Edited by

Sukhinder Kaur Cheema, PhD Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s NL, Canada

Sukhinder Kaur Cheema, PhD Associate Professor Department of Biochemistry Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John’s, NL Canada A1B 3X9 [email protected]

Library of Congress Control Number: 2005938503 ISBN-10: 0-387-31252-8 ISBN-13: 978-0387-31252-1 Printed on acid-free paper. © 2006 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Springer Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed in the United States of America. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com

(SPI/MVY)

Preface

Atherosclerosis and its complications are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing nations. There is an urgent need to understand the pathogenesis and progression of atherosclerosis, and to develop a strategy to prevent an epidemic episode. Crucial advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its complications have been achieved in recent years. This text, “Biochemistry of Atherosclerosis”, is a compilation of contributions from world-renowned scientists, who are at the forefront of atherosclerosis research. This compendium will be highly valuable for individuals in the healthcare field and in basic research as it covers a variety of research topics on the onset, progression, and management of atherosclerosis. Each contribution deals in detail with the biochemical processes involved and provides in-depth information in specific areas. Atherosclerosis comes from the Greek words; “athero” meaning gruel or paste and “sclerosis” meaning hardness. Atherosclerosis begins with damage to the artery caused by elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood, as well as high blood pressure. Several other factors are also associated with the onset and progression of atherosclerosis, i.e. hyperglycemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, disruption of the immune system, glycation end products

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