Biomineralized and chemically synthesized magnetic nanoparticles: A contrast
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Biomineralized and chemically synthesized magnetic nanoparticles: A contrast Tanya NANDA1), Ankita RATHORE2), and Deepika SHARMA (✉) Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Sector 64, Mohali 160062, India
© Higher Education Press 2020
ABSTRACT: Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have widely been synthesized through chemical processes for biomedical applications over the past few decades. Recently, a new class of MNPs, known as bacterial magnetosomes, has been isolated from magnetotactic bacteria, a natural source. These magnetosomes are magnetite or greigite nanocrystals which are biomineralized in the bacterial cell and provide magnet-like properties to it. Contrary to MNPs, bacterial magnetosomes are biocompatible, lower in toxicity, and can be easily cleared from the body due to the presence of a phospholipid bilayer around them. They also do not demonstrate aggregation, which makes them highly advantageous. In this review, we have provided an in-depth comparative account of bacterial magnetosomes and chemically synthesized MNPs in terms of their synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications. In addition, we have also provided a contrast on how magnetosomes might have the potential to successfully substitute synthetic MNPs in therapeutic and imaging applications. KEYWORDS: bacterial magnetosomes; magnetic nanoparticles; iron nanoparticles; magnetotactic bacteria; magnetosomes
Contents 1 Introduction 2 Syntheses 2.1 Chemical synthesis of MNPs 2.2 Natural synthesis of BMs 3 Properties 3.1 Physical properties
Received July 24, 2020; accepted October 15, 2020 E-mail: [email protected] 1) Present address: School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA 2) Present address: Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSir), CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR), New Delhi 110067, India
3.1.1 Particle size and morphology 3.1.2 Crystalline phase 3.1.3 Surface charge 3.1.4 Magnetic behavior 3.1.5 Heating efficiency 3.2 Biological properties 3.2.1 Cytotoxicity profile 3.2.2 In vivo studies 4 How do BMs have an edge over MNPs in biomedicine? 4.1 Magnetic hyperthermia 4.2 Magnetic resonance imaging 4.3 Magnetic drug delivery 4.4 Magnetic separation 5 Conclusions Disclosure of potential conflicts of interests Acknowledgements References
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Front. Mater. Sci.
Introduction
Chemically synthesized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been used as the go-to magnetic nanocarriers in biomedical applications since the past few decades. MNPs have been successfully synthesized using materials such as iron, nickel, and cobalt in a wide size range by various research groups [1–2]. Properties like superparamagnetic behavior and high saturation magnetization have made them favorable for use in applications such as magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic hyperthermia for tumor therapy [3–5]. But their toxicity and lack of compatibility in biological models has b
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