Magnetic Nanoparticles as MRI Contrast Agents
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Magnetic Nanoparticles as MRI Contrast Agents Ashish Avasthi1 · Carlos Caro1 · Esther Pozo‑Torres2 · Manuel Pernia Leal2 · María Luisa García‑Martín1,3 Received: 31 December 2019 / Accepted: 18 March 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional contrast agents (CAs) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). They have been extensively investigated as CAs due to their high biocompatibility and excellent magnetic properties. Furthermore, the ease of functionalization of their surfaces with different types of ligands (antibodies, peptides, sugars, etc.) opens up the possibility of carrying out molecular MRI. Thus, IONPs functionalized with epithelial growth factor receptor antibodies, short peptides, like RGD, or aptamers, among others, have been proposed for the diagnosis of various types of cancer, including breast, stomach, colon, kidney, liver or brain cancer. In addition to cancer diagnosis, different types of IONPs have been developed for other applications, such as the detection of brain inflammation or the early diagnosis of thrombosis. This review addresses key aspects in the development of IONPs for MRI applications, namely, synthesis of the inorganic core, functionalization processes to make IONPs biocompatible and also to target them to specific tissues or cells, and finally in vivo studies in animal models, with special emphasis on tumor models. Keywords Magnetic nanoparticles · Iron oxide nanoparticles · Magnetic resonance imaging · Cancer · Diagnosis The article is a part of the Topical Collection “Surface-modified Nanobiomaterials for Electrochemical and Biomedicine Applications”; edited by Alain R. Puente-Santiago, Daily Rodríguez-Padrón”. * Manuel Pernia Leal [email protected] * María Luisa García‑Martín [email protected] 1
BIONAND ‑ Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología, Junta de AndalucíaUniversidad de Málaga, C/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590 Málaga, Spain
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Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
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Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, Málaga, Spain
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Topics in Current Chemistry
(2020) 378:40
1 Introduction Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the main in vivo imaging modalities, along with positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound imaging. MRI is the most versatile of all of these, being able to provide both anatomical and functional information with excellent image quality, and, most importantly, using non-ionizing radiation, which allows longitudinal studies to be performed without the risk of side effects. The MRI signal comes from the radiofrequency signal of protons magnetized by an external magnetic field. These protons originate mainly from water molecules. The application of radiofrequency pulses is used to excite the magnetization, and magnetic field gradients are used to provide s
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