Bioremediation of Tannery Wastewater
Tannery effluent is a serious environmental threat due to its high chemical levels which include salinity, organic load (chemical oxygen load or demand, biological oxygen demand), inorganic matter, dissolved and suspended solids, ammonia, total Kjeldahl n
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Bioremediation of Tannery Wastewater Prachi Chaudhary, Vinod Chhokar, Anil Kumar, and Vikas Beniwal
Abstract
Tannery effluent is a serious environmental threat due to its high chemical levels which include salinity, organic load (chemical oxygen load or demand, biological oxygen demand), inorganic matter, dissolved and suspended solids, ammonia, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, sulfide, chromium, chloride, sodium and other salt residues, heavy metals, etc. These components present in the effluent affect agriculture, human beings and livestock. Exposure to chromium and other pollutants in tannery effluent increases the risk of dermatitis, ulcer, nasal septum perforation and lung cancer. The environmental protection regulations stipulate that industries are not allowed to emit sulfide and chromium in the wastewater. Thus, removal of these high-strength toxic chemicals from the wastewater is very important. Treatment of tannery wastewater is carried out by physical, chemical, biological, or combination of these methods. Biological treatment of wastewater is more favorable and cost effective as compared to other physiochemical methods. A number of bioremediation strategies have been reported in the recent past showing their potential in the treatment of tannery effluent. The present review summarizes the recent advances in bioremediation of tannery effluent. Keywords
Tannery • Chromium • Effluent • Wastewater
P. Chaudhary • V. Beniwal (*) Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, Ambala 133207, Haryana, India e-mail: [email protected] V. Chhokar • A. Kumar Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar 125001, Haryana, India # Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 R. Kumar et al. (eds.), Advances in Environmental Biotechnology, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4041-2_7
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Introduction
Water is the important natural resource for all living forms. This natural resource is being polluted by rapid growth of population, metropolitanization and mechanization that ultimately pollute the environment (Singanan et al. 2007). Increasing population and sophisticated lifestyle increase the demand of quality industrial products at an exceptional rate. An extensive volume of wastewater originated from industries which are released into channels either untreated or inadequately treated causing water pollution. Industrialization leads to several environmental problems like water, land and air pollution. Tanning is an ancient trade of India and has been followed for many centuries at the village level. In tanning process putrefiable animal hides are preserved from decomposing and are converted into an enduring material, known as leather. India is the third largest producer and exporter of leather. Leather industry is one of the greatest contributors toward the economy of India. In India there are about 3000 tanneries spread across Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Pu
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