Biosensors for penicillin quantification: a comprehensive review
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REVIEW
Biosensors for penicillin quantification: a comprehensive review Tannu Kharewal . Neelam Verma . Anjum Gahlaut . Vikas Hooda
Received: 28 January 2020 / Accepted: 13 July 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Penicillins represent most commonly prescribed and salient part of antibacterial armamentarium. Due to lack of proper guidance and regulations, especially in developing countries they are indiscriminately applied in agricultural sectors (livestock farming, aquaculture and plants). Major concerns related to remaining residues of penicillins in food or environment are allergy, development of antibacterial resistance, environmental pollution, economical losses to food industries, consumers and food safety. Researchers of different disciplines are developing reliable detection methods for penicillins in various samples. Among them biosensors are attracting considerable attention primarily for their instant detection, convenience in application, on-site monitoring and portability. Nowadays, they are becoming more sophisticated with the help of modern approaches such as nanotechnology. This review article summarizes the research literature on advancements and recent trends in the field of biosensors for penicillins quantification till date. Different domains of biosensors (electrochemical, optical, mass-sensitive and thermal) are discussed for penicillins along with their applicability.
T. Kharewal N. Verma A. Gahlaut V. Hooda (&) Centre for Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords Antibiotic residues Penicillins detection Food safety Biosensor Types of penicillin biosensors
Introduction Penicillins and its related concerns Even after 90 years of its discovery, the penicillin group of antibiotics is still the most frequently used antibacterials in the world due to their well tolerance and efficiency against bacterial infections in both humans and animals. The penicillin molecule discovered by Fleming contains a beta (b)-lactam ring carrying a long side-chain fused to a thiazolidine ring carrying a carboxyl and two methyl groups. The various penicillins differ only in the nature of the R group in the formula (Robinson 1947; Smith et al. 1948). The main target of penicillin is the transpeptidase enzyme of bacteria which is responsible for synthesis of cell wall. Penicillin inactivate transpeptidase enzyme by acylating the transpeptidase’s serine side-chain oxygen (Mucsi et al. 2013). Penicillin are distributed among four generations on the basis of their antibacterial spectrum—natural or first-generation penicillin, antistaphylococcal or second-generation penicillin, extended-spectrum or third-generation penicillin and b-lactamase inhibitor or fourth-
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Biotechnol Lett
Fig. 1 Classification of penicillins with examples
generation penicillin (Wright 1999). Figure 1 consists of examples of different generations of penicillins. Penicillins are applicable in vari
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