Biotechnology of Rhodococcus for the production of valuable compounds
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MINI-REVIEW
Biotechnology of Rhodococcus for the production of valuable compounds Martina Cappelletti 1 Davide Zannoni 1
&
Alessandro Presentato 2 & Elena Piacenza 2,3 & Andrea Firrincieli 1 & Raymond J. Turner 4 &
Received: 9 June 2020 / Revised: 14 August 2020 / Accepted: 26 August 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Bacteria belonging to Rhodococcus genus represent ideal candidates for microbial biotechnology applications because of their metabolic versatility, ability to degrade a wide range of organic compounds, and resistance to various stress conditions, such as metal toxicity, desiccation, and high concentration of organic solvents. Rhodococcus spp. strains have also peculiar biosynthetic activities that contribute to their strong persistence in harsh and contaminated environments and provide them a competitive advantage over other microorganisms. This review is focused on the metabolic features of Rhodococcus genus and their potential use in biotechnology strategies for the production of compounds with environmental, industrial, and medical relevance such as biosurfactants, bioflocculants, carotenoids, triacylglycerols, polyhydroxyalkanoate, siderophores, antimicrobials, and metalbased nanostructures. These biosynthetic capacities can also be exploited to obtain high value-added products from low-cost substrates (industrial wastes and contaminants), offering the possibility to efficiently recover valuable resources and providing possible waste disposal solutions. Rhodococcus spp. strains have also recently been pointed out as a source of novel bioactive molecules highlighting the need to extend the knowledge on biosynthetic capacities of members of this genus and their potential utilization in the framework of bioeconomy. Key points • Rhodococcus possesses promising biosynthetic and bioconversion capacities. • Rhodococcus bioconversion capacities can provide waste disposal solutions. • Rhodococcus bioproducts have environmental, industrial, and medical relevance.
Keywords Rhodococcus . Antimicrobials . Bioflocculants . Biosynthesis . Bioconversion . Biosurfactants . Carotenoids . Lipids . Metal-based nanostructures . Siderophores
Introduction * Martina Cappelletti [email protected] 1
Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
2
Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
3
National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Florence, Italy
4
Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary University, Calgary, AB, Canada
Rhodococcus genus belongs to the Actinobacteria phylum and comprises genetically and physiologically diverse bacteria, which are distributed in various water, soil, and marine habitats, also including harsh ecological niches such as arctic, desert, and heavily contaminated sites (Cappelletti et al. 2019a, 2019b). The wide distribution of Rhodococcus spp. strains is due to their extraordinary metabolic versatility
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