Biovalorization of mandarin waste peels into silver nanoparticles and activated carbon
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Biovalorization of mandarin waste peels into silver nanoparticles and activated carbon B. A. Omran1 · O. Aboelazayem2 · H. N. Nassar1,3,4 · R. A. El‑Salamony1 · N. Sh. El‑Gendy1,4,5 Received: 19 April 2020 / Revised: 7 June 2020 / Accepted: 27 July 2020 © Islamic Azad University (IAU) 2020
Abstract This work aims to upcycle mandarin (Citrus reticulum) waste peels into valuable compounds with different applications. The one-factor-at-a-time method was applied to optimize the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the hot water extract of mandarin peels’ waste. The maximum production reached 2.5 g L−1 in a 4-h, pH9, 100 rpm continuous stirring batch process, operating at 30 °C, under fluorescent illumination of 36 W/6400 K, using 3000 mg L −1 extract solution and 2 mmol A gNO3. Dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope and high-resolution transmission electron microscope were employed to characterize the prepared silver nanoparticles, which revealed highly stable, uniformly distributed, nonagglomerated crystalline silver nanoparticles, with spherical/oval shapes and a size range of 10–19 nm. The preliminary cost analysis proved the costeffectiveness of the valorization of mandarine peels into silver nanoparticles, which costs approximately 7.6 US$/g green synthesized silver nanoparticles with good savings relative to the global prices of the chemically synthesized ones. Moreover, to reach the point of zero waste and maximize the profitability of the valorization, the mandarin spent waste disposed from the batch process were upcycled to activated carbon which has different applications. Keywords Cost analysis · Green synthesis · Nanomaterials · Spectroscopic and microscopic characterization · Solid waste management · Zero waste
Professor Nour Sh. El-Gendy is affiliated to Head Manager of Petroleum Biotechnology Lab., Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI) Editorial responsibility: Samareh Mirkia. * N. Sh. El‑Gendy [email protected] 1
Department of Process Design and Development, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo PO 11727, Egypt
2
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
3
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th of October City PO 12566, Egypt
4
Nanobiotechnology Program, Faculty of Nanotechnology for Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, Sheikh Zayed Branch Campus, Sheikh Zayed City, Giza PO 12588, Egypt
5
Center of Excellence, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), 6th of October City, Giza, PO 12566, Egypt
Introduction Solid waste management (SWM) is a worldwide critical mandate (Fulekar et al. 2018). Open burning of agricultural wastes is assumed to be one of the main causes of air pollution and climate change (Santiago-De la Rosa
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