Boys with autism spectrum disorder have distinct cortical folding patterns underpinning impaired self-regulation: a surf
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Boys with autism spectrum disorder have distinct cortical folding patterns underpinning impaired self-regulation: a surface-based morphometry study Hsing-Chang Ni 1,2 & Hsiang-Yuan Lin 3 & Yu-Chieh Chen 1,3 & Wen-Yih Isaac Tseng 4,5 & Susan Shur-Fen Gau 1,3,4
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Although impaired self-regulation (dysregulation) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) garnered increasing awareness, the neural mechanism of dysregulation in ASD are far from conclusive. To complement our previous voxel-based morphometry findings, we estimated the cortical thickness, surface area, and local gyrification index based on the surfacebased morphometry from structural MRI images in 85 ASD and 65 typically developing control (TDC) boys, aged 7– 17 years. Levels of dysregulation were measured by the sum of T-scores of Attention, Aggression, and Anxiety/ Depression subscales on the Child Behavior Checklist. We found both ASD and TDC shared similar relationships between dysregulation and cortical folding patterns in the left superior and inferior temporal gyri and the left premotor cortex. Significant diagnosis by dysregulation interactions in cortical folding patterns were identified over the right middle frontal and right lateral orbitofrontal regions. The statistical significance of greater local gyrification index in ASD than TDC in several brain regions disappeared when the level of dysregulation was considered. The findings of shared and distinct neural correlates underpinning dysregulation between ASD and TDC may facilitate the development of targeted interventions in the future. The present work also demonstrates that inter-subject variations in self-regulation may explain some extents of ASD-associated brain morphometric differences, likely suggesting that dysregulation is one of the yardsticks for dissecting the heterogeneity of ASD. Keywords Autism spectrum disorder . Structural MRI . Dysregulation . Surface-based morphometry . Child behavior checklist
Introduction Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-019-00199-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Susan Shur-Fen Gau [email protected] 1
Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
2
Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
3
Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, 10002 Taipei, Taiwan
4
Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
5
Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
Self-regulation, modulating our emotions and actions in the pursuit of higher-order goals in a dynamic process, theoretically consists of complex constructs that implicate behavioral, emotional, and cognitive regulation (Nigg
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