Carbon dioxide emissions from transport and anemia influence on under-five mortality in Benin
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Carbon dioxide emissions from transport and anemia influence on under-five mortality in Benin Yves Morel Sokadjo1
` ´ ee ´ Kossou3 · Mintodeˆ Nicodeme Atchade´ 2 · Hortense Desir
Received: 28 November 2019 / Accepted: 18 June 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This work is the first study about the joint effect (influence) of carbon dioxide emissions (CO2 ) from transport and anemia influence on under-five mortality in the Republic of Benin. We focused on that interaction effect and provide scientific pieces of evidence through multiple linear and multinomial regression models. Therefore, the World Bank yearly data about Benin has been used. Time series analysis and co-integration checking were done to deepen the study. The interaction of anemia and CO2 emissions from transport influences positively under-five mortality (U5M) rate (p = 0.00). Findings reveal that when CO2 emissions from transport and anemia increase of 1 unit in a given year, Benin is likely to have 10 deaths over 1000 live births higher on the under-five mortality rate the following year. Keywords Anemia · Benin · Carbon dioxide · Transportation · Under-five mortality
Introduction United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) reckoned recently significant improvement in the past few decades about children’s survival because for instance, 1 in 11 children died before their fifth birthday in 1990, compared with 1 in 26 in 2017 (UNICEF 2019). Furthermore, in Benin during the last 50 years, U5M was also declining to shrink from 159.33 deaths per thousand live births in 1969 to 60.37 deaths in 2018 (World Data Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues Yves Morel Sokadjo
[email protected] Mintodˆe Nicod`eme Atchad´e [email protected] Hortense D´esir´ee Kossou [email protected] 1
Universit´e d’Abomey-Calavi/ International Chair in Mathematical Physics and Applications (ICMPA : UNESCO-Chair), 072 BP 50 Cotonou, Republic of Benin
2
National Higher School of Mathematics Genius and Modelization, National University of Sciences, Technologies, Engineering and Mathematics, Abomey, Republic of Benin
3
Independent Researcher, 06 BP 0782 PK3 Cotonou, Republic of Benin
Atlas 2019). The forecasting on the Benin data portal shows 43.47 deaths as U5M in 2050 (Zhukovskii 2014). However, this figure is still high because the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 of Benin Republic stipulates the reduction of child mortality to 12 deaths per 1000 live births. In addition, in the World Health Organization (WHO) European regions, we can have as rate 9 per 1000 live births (UNICEF 2019). Actually, the major leading causes of U5M are malaria, pneumonia, preterm birth complications, birth asphyxia, and diarrhea (Malangu et al. 2014; World Health Organization 2018). Meanwhile, air pollution or anemia is of a big concern in the deaths of many children (Hercberg et al. 1988; Alderman and Horton 2007; Naz et al. 2015). Air pollution has long been considered as a minor cause of U5M (Schwartz
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