Freight transport and energy consumption: What impact on carbon dioxide emissions and environmental quality in MENA coun
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Freight transport and energy consumption: What impact on carbon dioxide emissions and environmental quality in MENA countries? Samir Saidi1 Received: 9 April 2020 / Accepted: 22 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This article aims to study the impact of fossil energy demand and freight transportation on carbon emissions for Middle Eastern and North African countries over 2000–2018. To estimate the possible relationships, we used the GMM estimators. Furthermore, the Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality test was applied to analyze the causality between the variables. The results prove that the effects of freight transport and energy consumption on CO2 emissions, then on environmental degradation, are positive and significant for both global and sub-panels. Also, we found that the carbon emissions are driven by growth, urbanization, trade openness and financial development. These findings justify the rapid emergence of new concepts such as sustainable development, sustainable transport and energy efficiency considered as helpful policies to effectively resist the serious environmental degradation. Keywords Freight transport · Carbon dioxide emissions · Environmental degradation · Energy consumption · MENA countries
1 Introduction In the past few decades, economists and environmentalists have an increasing interest on causal relationships among growth, energy demand and pollutant emissions. They studied the relationships within the framework of the environmental Kuznets curve concluding that an inverted U-shaped relationship exists between environmental degradation and income. Recently, economists use developed indicators to capture effectively the environmental changes and to introduce the environmental variables on their empirical investigations. In addition, previous research studies used transport as an explanatory variable to examine the causal linkages between energy * Samir Saidi [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management, University of Sfax, Street of Airport, km. 4.5, 1008 Sfax, Tunisia
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and environment. However, it is interesting to examine the link between transports, energy use and carbon emissions by simultaneously considering them in a modeling framework. In addition, environmentalists studied the important place of transport among the main consumers of fossil energy and investigated its negative impacts on environment. Recently, numerous research studies examine the vital role of energy to maintain economic growth and inspect its impact on the environmental pollution. Krarti and Dubey (2018), Mollahosseini et al. (2017), Alsaleh et al. (2017), Apergis and Payne (2011, 2012) argue that the industrial countries should develop their renewable energy strategies to improve the environmental efficiency and sustain economic growth simultaneously. In the same vein, the Climatic Change Performance Index (CCPI 2013)1 published
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