Carbon Sources of Sediment and Epifaunal Food Sources in a Tropical Mangrove Forest in North Sulawesi, Indonesia
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Carbon Sources of Sediment and Epifaunal Food Sources in a Tropical Mangrove Forest in North Sulawesi, Indonesia WU Zhiqiang1), XIE Limei1), 2), CHEN Bin2), DHAMAWAN I Wayan Eka3), SASTROSUWONDO Pramudji3), CHEN Shunyang2), 4), RIANTA Pratiwi3), ERNAWATI Widyastuti3), and CHEN Guangcheng2), 4), * 1) College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China 2) Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China 3) Research Center for Oceanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta 11048, Indonesia 4) Observation and Research Station of Coastal Wetland Ecosystem in Beibu Bay, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536015, China (Received December 10, 2019; revised March 1, 2020; accepted May 22, 2020) © Ocean University of China, Science Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2020 Abstract The stable isotope ratios of nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) were applied in this study to analyze sediment carbon sources and primary food sources of epifauna in an oceanic mangrove forest in tropical North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Proportional contribution of mangrove-derived carbon to the food sources was compared among epifauna belonging to different feeding guilds. The sediment in the mangrove site with a depleted δ13C signature (−28.02‰ ± 0.24‰) mainly consists of mangrove-derived carbon. Analysis using Bayesian stable isotope mixing model in the R program shows that mangrove-derived carbon can dominate the food sources of a majority of the epifauna (11 out of the total 18 species), especially 2 sesarmid crabs Parasesarma semperi and Sesarma sp., crab Epixanthus dentatus, and snails Terebralia sulcata and Optediceros breviculum, which belong to various feeding guilds. Mangrove-derived carbon has a proportional contribution to the food sources of fiddle crab Tubuca coarctata and 3 littorinid snails (Littoraria spp.) close to that of suspended particulate organic matter. Three planktophagous bivalve species (Anadara antiquata, Anadara sp. and Callista erycina) were found to mainly feed on seagrass-derived materials. Mean proportional contributions of mangrove-derived carbon to the food sources were 50.15%, 59.60%, 46.20% and 27.58% for the carnivorous, omnivorous, phytophagous and planktophagous groups, respectively. The results suggest that mangrove-derived carbon can directly (via grazing plant tissues) or indirectly (via deposit feedings) make an important contribution to the food sources of epifauna in the oceanic mangrove forest where the allochthonous input of organic carbon is low. Key words epifauna; stable isotope; carbon; nitrogen; sediment; feeding guilds
1 Introduction Mangrove forests along the tropical and subtropical coasts have high levels of biological productivity (Alongi, 2009) and rich diversity of benthic fauna as an important component of the ecosystem (Chen et al., 2013). Mangrove plants provide organic matter and nutrients critical to the benthic fauna primarily through litterfall (Kieckbusch et al., 2004; Chen et al., 2013). In addition, the
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