Catalytic Upgrading of Bio-oil: Biomass Gasification in the Presence of Catalysts
Because of general fact the population of the world is increasing and our ways of living, the consumption of energy was never been higher than it is today (Plouffe and Kalache in 87(5):733–739, 2010 ; Outlook in Energy information administration. Departme
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Catalytic Upgrading of Bio-oil: Biomass Gasification in the Presence of Catalysts
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Introduction
Because of general fact the population of the world is increasing and our ways of living, the consumption of energy was never been higher than it is today (Plouffe and Kalache 2010; Outlook 2010). Transportation sector is one of the major fields that constituting about one fifth of the total for energy consumption (Van Ruijven and van Vuuren 2009). In the future, the need for fuels will become unavoidable as the population of the world grows (Balat 2011). However, near the future this requirement constitutes become the major challenge because the crude oil which are used to produce fuels are depleting (Sorrell et al. 2010). In order to find another alternative for fuels to replace diesel and gasoline, substantial research within the energy field have been carried out. An alternative which is equivalent to the conventional fuels can be the optimal solution. Sustainable fuel which is compatible with the infrastructure, decrease the environmental man-made footprint and reduce the emission of CO2 is required (Pachauri et al. 2014). Fuels which were derived from biomass considered to be benign for the environment and can be produced in a relatively short cycle would be the prospective fuel of the future (Balat 2011; Roedl 2010; Meinshausen et al. 2009; Demirbas 2011). However, these technologies depend on the food grade biomass. The first generation on bio-ethanol is produced from fermentation of starch or sugar while bio-diesel is produced from fats (Venderbosch et al. 2010; Wenzel 2010). Since the efficiency of energy for required crops per unit land is relatively low and the food requirement is a constraint around the world, the utilisation of food grade biomass is a problem (McKendry 2002). For this reason, developing the production of second generation bio-fuels using other sources of biomass such as wood and agricultural waste have been the focus of new research. In order to optimize the efficiency for the paths of second generation biofuel, a lot of efforts have been spent on the route for production of liquid from biomass through syngas (Damartzis and Zabaniotou 2011; Göransson et al. 2011; Huber et al. 2006; Tijmensen et al. 2002) and also © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 S. Bagheri, Catalysis for Green Energy and Technology, Green Energy and Technology, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-43104-8_9
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synthesis of higher hydrocarbons from methanol and alcohols from syngas (Christensen et al. 2009, 2010; Keil 1999; Spath et al. 2000; Stöcker 1999). Good economy route was achieved when bio-oil was used as the platform chemical due to lower cost of transport for plants with large scale and also their flexibility with respect to the feed of biomass (Grange et al. 1996; Perego and Bosetti 2011; Rogers and Brammer 2009). Furthermore, in the current infrastructure this route also applicable. Referred as catalytic upgrading of bio-oil, the joint zeolite cracking a
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