Catalytic Pyrolysis of Waste Chicken Fats Using Zeolite Catalysts
Chicken fats become a major poultry waste from broiler industries and the production rate is increasing with increasing of human population. The conversion of waste chicken fats containing major triglycerides into potential hydrocarbon chemicals and bio-o
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Abstract Chicken fats become a major poultry waste from broiler industries and the production rate is increasing with increasing of human population. The conversion of waste chicken fats containing major triglycerides into potential hydrocarbon chemicals and bio-oils was investigated under pyrolysis process. Catalytic pyrolysis of chicken fats with zeolite catalyst, ZSM-5, was conducted using laboratory-scale distillation set-up under nitrogen flow of 400 C. In the process, thermal cracking plays an important role in breaking triglyceride into shorter hydrocarbon chain under high temperature. Pyro-oil produced was further analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy in order to identify its chemical properties. From the chemical analysis, different short hydrocarbon chain products from C7–C24 were indicated. Major chemical composition of pyro-oil ascertained was aliphatics, followed by carboxylic acid, alcohol, ketone, ester, aromatic, anhydride, ether and aldehyde. The effect of ZSM-5 catalysts towards product yield and composition was also explored.
M. Y. Liew A. Salmiaton (&) W. A. K. G. Wan Azlina Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected] M. Y. Liew e-mail: [email protected] W. A. K. G. Wan Azlina e-mail: [email protected] R. Yunus Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia e-mail: [email protected]
R. Pogaku et al. (eds.), Developments in Sustainable Chemical and Bioprocess Technology, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6208-8_10, Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
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Introduction Fossil fuels represent more than 80 % of total energy in the world and act as the primary resource nowadays. But the scarcity of this conventional energy has become a problem due to the rising of energy demand (Demirbas 2008). The application of renewable energy from biomass conversion via chemical process can be a potential new energy resource. Pyrolysis is a process of thermal decomposition of materials at high temperatures with the absence of oxygen (Jayasinghe and Hawboldt 2012). The production of bio-oil from pyrolysis involves rapid heating to breakdown long hydrocarbon chain species producing smaller hydrocarbon products that have similar fuel properties. Bio-oil derived from animal fats such as lard, poultry fats and fish oil showed diesel-like fuel properties with major components of alkanes, alkenes, aldehydes, ketones, aromatics and carboxylic acids (Adebanjo et al. 2005; Tian et al. 2008; Wisniewski Jr et al. 2010). Gürü et al. (2010) investigated the performance and emission characteristics of bio-oil on running engines and compared to those of fossil fuel and fatty acid methyl esters. The authors found that bio-oil with low sulphur content was performed well with diesel fuel blends. Catalytic pyrolysis is a more advanced technique to maximise the production of pyrolytic products and increase the se
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