Cavity ring-down spectroscopy and its applications to environmental, chemical and biomedical systems
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Ó Indian Academy of Sciences Sadhana (0123456789().,-volV)FT3](0123456 789().,-volV)
REVIEW ARTICLE
Cavity ring-down spectroscopy and its applications to environmental, chemical and biomedical systems SANCHI MAITHANI and MANIK PRADHAN* Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, JD block, Sector III, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 106, India E-mail: [email protected] MS received 4 April 2020; revised 9 June 2020; accepted 15 June 2020
Abstract. In recent times, the need for high-sensitive detection has grown drastically as more and more applications of molecular sensing are being explored. Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) is one of the new age and robust techniques which has revolutionized the field of molecular detection, particularly gasphase analysis. In this short review, we have first provided a brief introduction to the working principles and system requirements of CRDS. Subsequently, we have described the various applications of CRDS in detail, including environmental monitoring, biomedical analysis specifically human breath analysis and reaction chemistry. We have also focused on the importance of isotope analysis and their accurate measurements using CRDS and its variants. Furthermore, we described the use of CRDS in the condensed phase through evanescent wave (EW) coupled CRDS and discussed its applications in the investigation of interfacial kinetics, thin-film and biological detection. We also outlined certain variants of CRDS to give a glimpse of the different techniques which have emerged with CRDS. Hence, in this mini-review, we aimed to illustrate the use of the CRDS technique in various interdisciplinary fields. Keywords. Cavity ring-down spectroscopy; environmental detection; breath analysis; high-sensitive spectroscopy; gas phase reactions.
1. Introduction High-sensitive analysis of gas-phase molecules has widespread applications in the field of environmental monitoring,1,2 to detect molecules, radicals, aerosols, etc., in the atmosphere as well as isotopes of various molecules which help in climatic modelling.3,4 Similarly, trace gas detection in exhaled human breath has emerged as a novel and non-invasive technique in biomedical diagnostics through human breath analysis where the molecules in exhaled breath can be linked to a disease or changes in the metabolic activities of the human body.5 Furthermore, the gas-phase analysis in the study of chemical reactions has enabled to explore different aspects and mechanisms in molecular chemistry.6,7 Many such reactions are also of immense atmospheric and astrochemical interests. However, the concentration of the gas-phase molecules in real systems are in trace levels such as parts per million by volume (ppmv, one part in 106) to parts per billion by volume (ppbv, one part in 109) and even *For correspondence
lesser, which makes their accurate measurement and analysis difficult using the conventional techniques. Moreover, the conventional techniques used for gaspha
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