Gold Nanozymes: From Concept to Biomedical Applications
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REVIEW
Cite as Nano-Micro Lett. (2021) 13:10
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-020-00532-z
Gold Nanozymes: From Concept to Biomedical Applications Javier Lou‑Franco1, Bhaskar Das1,2, Christopher Elliott1, Cuong Cao1 *
Received: 11 June 2020 Accepted: 2 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
HIGHLIGHTS • The capability of gold nanomaterials to mimic enzyme activities offers new approaches for diagnosis and treatment in the field of biomedicine, which are discussed in this review. • Controlling the physicochemical properties of the nanomaterials (size, morphology and surface chemistry) remains the first obstacle for endeavouring real-life applications. • Numerous examples of ex vivo applications in the field of diagnosis are a reality today, whereas further controlling side effects is required for in vivo applications like tumour treatment or intracellular ROS level control.
ABSTRACT In recent years, gold nanoparticles have demonstrated excel‑
Key-enabling technologies
lent enzyme-mimicking activities which resemble those of peroxidase, oxi‑
· Top-down and bottom-up approaches · Conjugation chemistry · Characterization methods
dase, catalase, superoxide dismutase or reductase. This, merged with their
Unripe fruits: potenal concepts
excellent candidates when compared with biological enzymes for applica‑ tions in biomedicine or biochemical analyses. Herein, over 200 research papers have been systematically reviewed to present the recent progress on the fundamentals of gold nanozymes and their potential applications. The review reveals that the morphology and surface chemistry of the nanopar‑ ticles play an important role in their catalytic properties, as well as external parameters such as pH or temperature. Yet, real applications often require
Gold nanozyme tree
ease of synthesis, tunability, biocompatibility and low cost, makes them
· Cell protection · Cancer therapy and ROS regulation · Cellular imaging Low-hanging fruits: widely demonstrated applicaons
· Biosensors and diagnostics · Food safety · Environmental analysis
Root system: fundamental aspects
· Morphology · Surface chemistry and coating · Nanoenvironment conditions
specific biorecognition elements to be immobilized onto the nanozymes, leading to unexpected positive or negative effects on their activity. Thus, rational design of efficient nanozymes remains a challenge of paramount importance. Different implementation paths have already been explored, including the application of peroxidase-like nanozymes for the development of clinical diagnostics or the regulation of oxidative stress within cells via their catalase and superoxide dismutase activities. The review also indicates that it is essential to understand how external parameters may boost or inhibit each of these activities, as more than one of them could coexist. Likewise, further toxicity studies are required to ensure the applicability of gold nanozymes in vivo. Current challenges and future prospects of gold nanozymes are discussed in this review, whose significance can be anticip
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